1. Abbas, H.M., and Shabbir, S.G. Insect sensitivity. Agriculture Pakistan, 1965, 16, 325-328.

Species: Locusts. [not further identified]

Country: Pakistan.

Note: A field worker who was sensitive to locusts underwent successful hyposensitisation. SGS was first made aware of the possibility of allergy to locusts while attending a training programme at the Anti-Locust Research Centre in London in 1954.

2. Abou Gamra El S., El Sayeb, F.A., El Banna, M., Farrag, A.M.K., and Morsy, T.A. The possibility of lice allergy among Egyptian patients with asthmatic bronchitis. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 1992, 22, 37-50.

Species: Pediculus capitis De Geer. [=Pediculas h. capitis of paper]

Country: Egypt.

Note: Sixty asthmatic patients were examined using skin tests and precipitin tests. ‘It was concluded that the lice allergens have insignificant role in asthmatic bronchitis’.

3. Abou Gamra, El S.M., El Shayed, F.A., Morsy, T.A., Hussein, H.M., and Shehata, El S.Z. The relation between Cimex lectularius antigen and bronchial asthma in Egypt. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 1991, 21, 735-746.

Species: Cimex lectularius Linnaeus.

Country: Egypt.

Note: Skin tests and precipitin tests were employed to study 54 asthmatic and 11 control individuals. More than half of the asthmatic group gave positive skin tests to an extract of bug abdomens. No conclusion was reached as to the relation between the bug and bronchial asthma.

4. ‘Advances and challenges in insect rearing’. New Orleans, Agricultural Research Service (Southern Region), USDA, 1984. (Editors: E.G. King and N.C. Leppla)

Species: 1. Lymantria dispar (Linnaeus).

2. Heliothis virescens (Fabricius).

3. Helicoverpa zea (Boddie). [=Heliothis zea of book]

4. Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens).

5. Orgyia spp.

6. Trichoplusia ni (Hübner).

Countries: USA and Canada.

Note: This book contains revised versions of papers presented at a conference in 1980. In addition to the chapters by W.W. Wolf and R.A. Wirtz (which see) there are references to allergies associated with the rearing of insects and to problems with specific insects on pp. xvi, 58, 72, 159-160, 164, 169, and 228-229.

5. Aerts, J. ‘A propos de deux cas d’affections respiratoires avec présence de précipitines au charençon du blé’. [Concerning two cases of respiratory disease with presence of precipitins to granary weevil]. Thèse de Médecine, Paris VI, 1977.

Species: Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus).

Country: France.

Note: [not seen] The thesis is referred to by Sauvaget et al. Revue Française d’Allergologie et d’Immunologie Clinique, 1978, 18, 1-4.

6. Agarwal, M.K., Chaudhry, S., Jhamb, S., Gaur, S.N., Chauhan, U.P.S., and Agarwal, H.C. Etiologic significance of mosquito (Anopheles stephensi) in respiratory allergy in India. Annals of Allergy, 1991, 67, 598-602.

Species: Anopheles stephensi Liston.

Country: India.

Note: The results of intradermal skin tests, RASTs, and bronchial provocation tests showed that this mosquito is a cause of respiratory allergic disorders among residents of Delhi.

7. Ahmed, A.R., Moy, R., Barr, A.R., and Price, Z. Carpet beetle dermatitis. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 1981, 5, 428-432.

Note: The paper reports on a case of dermatitis with no respiratory symptoms. The authors do review other reports where inhalant allergies were involved.

8. Akoun, G. Les alvéolites allergiques extrinsèques. II. Leur aspects étiopathogéniques. [Extrinsic allergic alveolitis. II. Aetiopathogenic appearances]. Semaine des Hôpitaux de Paris, 1974, 50, 2093-2103.

Species: Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus)

Note: A review in which is mentioned ‘La malade des charençons de blé’.

9. Alexander, J.O’D. ‘Arthropods and human skin’. Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1984. pp. 26, 84

Note: Insects and respiratory allergies are mentioned on p. 26 (cockroaches) and on p. 84 (dermestid larvae).

10. Al-Frayh, A., Hasnain, S.M., and Harfi, H.A. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1989, 83, 198-198.

Species: cockroach [not further identified]

Country: Saudi Arabia.

Note: Recurrent wheezing was identified in 11.4% of 2566 school-age children surveyed. Cockroach allergens were identified in 70% of the 180 houses sampled. [abstract of conference presentation]

11. Ali, A. Perspectives on management of pestiferous chironomidae, an emerging global problem. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 1991, 7, 260-281.

Species: 1. Cladotanytarsus lewisi Freeman.

2. Chironomus salinarius Kieffer.

3. Propsilocerus akamusi (Tokunaga) [=Tokunagayusurika akamusi of review].

4. Chironomus yoshimatsui Martin and Sublette.

5. Chironomus plumosus (Linnaeus).

Note: A review addressing the control of populations of pestiferous chironomids. The swarms of midges can be of nuisance and economic concern and also the cause of allergies. Larval chironomids can also cause problems. The five species listed above are identified as being pestiferous and/or a cause of allergies.

12. Ali, A., and Fowler, R.C. Prevalence and dispersal of pestiferous Chironomidae in a lake front city of central Florida. Mosquito News, 1983, 43, 55-59.

Note: ‘Adult midges are also associated with allergic symptoms (rhinitis, hay fever, asthma, and others) in people (Cranston et al. 1981).’ There is no mention that any allergies to chironomids are known from the USA.

13. Ali, A., and Fowler, R.C. A natural decline of pestiferous Chironomidae (Diptera) populations from 1979 to 1984 in an urban area of central Florida. Florida Entomologist, 1985, 68, 304-311.

Note: The adult midges have given rise to nuisance and economic problems. Attention is drawn to the existence in the Sudan of allergies due to chironomids and to the potential for similar allergies to occur elsewhere.

14. Ali, A., Majori, G., Ceretti, G., D’Andrea, F., Scattolin, M., and Ferrarese, U. A chironomid (Diptera: Chironomidae) midge population study and laboratory evaluation of larvicides against midges inhabiting the lagoon of Venice, Italy. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 1985, 1, 63-68.

Country: Italy.

Note: The association of allergic reactions with chironomids is mentioned.

15. Alonso, A., Albónico, J.F., Scavini, L.M., Rodríguez, S.M., Pionetti, C.H., and Mouchián, K. Immunochemical properties of the antigens of Blattaria sudamericana. Allergologia et Immunopathologia, 1987, 15, 109-115.

Species: Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus). [=Blattaria sudamericana of paper]

Country: Argentina.

Note: Various immunological techniques were used to study the cockroach antigens. The major antigen was found to have a molecular weight of c. 180 000. Skin tests and IgE measurements showed the presence of a high proportion of cockroach sensitivities among 50 atopic patients with sensitivities to house dust and house dust mites. The use of the Ouchterlony technique showed partial identity between the antigens from this cockroach and those of the German cockroach.

16. Amblard, P., Reymond, J.-L., Pin, J., Bruttman, G., Fayolle, G., and Volatier. E. Exploration

immuno-allergologique de 30 sujets atopiques. [Immunoallergological study on 30 atopic patients]. Annales de Dermatologie et de Venereologie, 1980, 107, 1007-1011.

Country: France.

Note: In a series of tests on atopic subjects, intradermal tests with an extract of domestic insects produced 73% of positive results. This was second only to house dust (93.3%) and ahead of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (40%) and Dermatophagoides culinae (20%).

17. American Academy of Allergy, Insect Sting Committee. 1964 Report on inhalant allergens.

Note: [not seen] An account of the report is given in the book by C.A. Frazier on pp. 403-404 [which see].

18. Ammann, B., and Wüthrich, B. Bedeutung der Tierepithelien als "Hausstauballergene". [The significance of animal epithelia as "house dust allergens"]. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift, 1985, 110, 1239-1245.

Species: Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

Country: Switzerland.

Note: Among 379 patients whose sera were tested by RASTs, 130 were positive to both house dust and house dust mites, 145 positive to house dust mites only, and 104 positive only to house dust. When these 104 were surveyed by RASTs against mammal epithelial and cockroach extracts the results were cat (84), horse (47), dog (30), cow (21), guinea pig (20), cockroach (8), and no reaction (9).

19. Ancona, G. Asma epidemico da "Pediculoides ventricosus". [Asthma epidemic caused by ‘Pediculoides ventricosus’]. Il Policlinico, Sezione Medica, 1923, 30, 45-70.

Species: 1. Nemapogon granella (Linnaeus). [=Tinea granella of paper]

2. Pyemotes ventricosus (Newport). [=Pediculoides ventricosus of paper] [Acari]

Country: Italy.

Note: This work has been quoted as referring to an asthma epidemic ‘due to the presence of Tinea Granella and Pediculoides ventricosus in the flour of a small village’. This is incorrect. The work claimed only the mite as the cause of the asthma outbreak. [‘The author…has established that the syndrome under study is of anaphylactic nature and is not caused by the wheat but by the pediculoid contained in the wheat in large quantity.’]

20. Anderson, M.C., Baer, H., Richman, P., Khan, H., and Turkeltaub, P.C. Immunoelectrophoretic studies of roach allergens. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, (Supplement), 1983, 71, 105-105.

Species: Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

Country: USA.

Note: Extracts derived from whole body, cast skins, egg casings, and faecal material were compared. Crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis showed that there were nine, eight, seven, and five, respectively, antigens present, and experiments with human sera showed that the whole body and cast skins provided the most allergenically active preparations. [abstract]

21. Anon. Allergic alveolitis. British Medical Journal, 1970, 1, 703-703.

Species: Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus).

Country: UK.

Note: ‘Animal proteins known to induce an allergic alveolitis include…the weevil insect protein in grain workers.’

22. Anon. Inhalation of flour dust. British Medical Journal, 1970, 2, 37-37.

Species: Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus).

Country: UK.

Note: ‘Now, however, it is known that flour millworkers can develop an allergy respiratory response (rhinitis and asthma) to grain proteins, grain smuts and grain rust, grain and flour mites, and to the grain weevil (Sitophilus granarius). The grain weevil must also be considered as a cause of baker’s asthma. In addition the grain weevil is responsible for an allergic alveolitis giving an Arthus type reaction and precipitating antibodies in the serum.’

23. Anon. Effects of grain dust. British Medical Journal, 1970, 3, 693-693.

Species: Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus).

Country: UK.

Note: ‘Apart from irritation to the respiratory tract persons exposed to grain dust can develop an allergic respiratory response to grain protein, grain smuts and rust, grain mites and the grain weevil (Sitophilus granarius).’

24. Anon. Can cockroaches cause asthma? British Medical Journal, 1977, 1, 734-734.

Country: UK.

Note: A note drawing attention to cockroaches as a source of allergen to asthmatics.

25. Anon. Cockroaches cause allergies, too. American Pharmacy, 1988, 28, 20-20.

Country: USA.

Note: A note drawing attention to cockroaches as a cause of allergies in the home and in the workplace. ‘10% to 15% of the general population and 70% of the asthmatic population [in the United States] are allergic to cockroaches.’

26. Anti-Locust Research Centre. ‘Note on allergy to locusts. Occurrence and symptoms’. January 1968. [1st edition]

Species: Locusts. [not further identified]

Country: UK.

Note: A statement on the occurrence and symptoms of locust allergy and of the protective measures to be taken by persons working with locusts.

27. Anti-Locust Research Centre. ‘Note on allergy to locusts. Occurrence and symptoms’. June 1970. [2nd edition]

Species: Locusts. [not further identified]

Country: UK.

Note: A statement on the occurrence and symptoms of locust allergy and of the protective measures to be taken by persons working with locusts. A section ‘especially relevant to schoolteachers’ who use locusts as a teaching aid is included.

28. Aronoff, D., Ledford, D., Schou, C., Fernandez-Caldas, E., Trudeau, W., and Lockey, R. House dust mite and cockroach allergen concentrations in daycare centers. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1989, 83, 197-197.

Species: Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus).

Country: USA.

Note: High levels of dust mite and cockroach allergens were found in some day-care centres. [abstract of conference presentation]

29. Arruda, L.K., Vailes, L.D., and Chapman, M.D. Molecular cloning of cockroach (B. germanica) allergens. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1993, 91, 188-188.

Species: Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

Country: USA.

Note: Obtained six cDNA clones that expressed determinants recognised by human IgE. [abstract of conference presentation]

30. Aschauer, H. and Braunitzer, G. Aminosäuresequenz eines dimeren Hämoglobins (Erythrocruorin) von Chironomus thummi thummi: Komponente CTT VIII. [Amino acid sequence of a dimeric haemoglobin (erythrocruorin) of Chironomus thummi thummi: component CTT VIII]. Hoppe-Seyler’s Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie, 1981, 362, 409-420.

Species: Chironomus riparius Meigen. [=Chironomus thummi thummi of paper]

Note: The authors note that some persons have developed allergies to the haemoglobins of this species.

31. Aschauer, H., Zaidi, Z.H., and Braunitzer, G. Amino acid sequence of a dimeric hemoglobin (erythrocruorin), component VI from Chironomus thummi thummi (CTT VI). Hoppe-Seyler’s Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie, 1981, 362, 261-273.

Species: Chironomus riparius Meigen. [=Chironomus thummi thummi of paper]

Note: The authors note that some persons have developed allergies to the haemoglobins of this species and that an allergenic determinant has been localised within a well-defined region of component CTT VI.

32. Badawy, N.W., Abou Gamra, E.M., and Soliman, H.E. House insects inducing asthma, M. domestica allergenicity in bronchial asthma. Egyptian Journal of Occupational Medicine, 1996, 10, 169-???.

Species: Musca domestica Linnaeus.

Country: Egypt.

Note: [not seen: reference taken from El Okbi et al., Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 1991, 21, 641-655]

33. Baer, H. Allergenic extracts. in ‘Differential diagnosis and treatment of pediatric allergy’. Boston USA, Little, Brown and Company, 1981. pp. 499-514.

Note: In the section on sources of allergens notes that there are two types of insect allergy. ‘The first occurs when large numbers of insects fly or crawl in the environment, shedding bits of body components as dust during flight.’ The second results from the stings of Hymenoptera.

34. Bagenstose, A.H., Mathews, K.P., Homburger, H.A., and Saaveard-Delgado, A.P. Inhalant allergy due to crickets. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1980, 65, 71-74.

Species: Acheta domesticus (Linnaeus).

Country: USA.

Note: A report on two cases of allergy among persons working with crickets in a research facility. Skin tests, passive transfer tests, RAST, and leukocyte histamine release were conducted to confirm the sensitivities.

35. Baker, R., Parton, A.H., Rao, V.B., and Rao, V.J. The isolation, identification and synthesis of 3,6-dimethylheptane-2,4-dione, a pheromone of the mushroom fly, Megaselia halterata (Diptera: Phoridae). Tetrahedron Letters, 1982, 23, 3103-3104.

Species: Megaselia halterata (Wood).

Note: The authors mention that the adults ‘may cause allergies and bronchial asthma’.

36. Baldo, B. Allergenicity of the cat flea. Clinical and Experimental Allergy, 1993, 23, 347-349.

Species: Ctenocephalides felis felis (Bouché).

Note: An editorial on the significance of the report on cat fleas by Trudeau et al. [which see].

37. Baldo, B.A., Bellas, T.E., Tovey, E.R., and Kaufman, G.L. Occupational allergy in an entomological research centre. II. Identification of IgE-binding proteins from developmental stages of the blowfly Lucilia cuprina and other species of adult flies. Clinical and Experimental Allergy, 1989, 19, 411-417.

Species: 1. Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann).

2. Calliphora stygia (Fabricius).

3. Calliphora augur (Fabricius).

4. Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart).

5. Musca vetustissima Walker.

6. Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt). [=Dacus tryoni of paper]

7. Chironomus duplex Walker.

8. Agrotis infusa (Boisduval).

Country: Australia.

Note: Gel electrophoresis and protein blotting employing sera from 35 people each with serum antibodies to the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina, were used to investigate IgE-binding components in adults, larvae and eggs of these blowflies and in seven other species of insects. In each of the life stages of Lucilia cuprina multiple components were found. A band at relative molecular mass 67 000 in the extracts of the adults bound to 70% of the sera. Each of the other species examined, including the moth Agrotis infusa, contained IgE-binding proteins when tested on six of the sera. In all but the chironomid there was a distinct band at relative molecular mass of 20 000. These results suggest that allergenic cross-reactivity exists between some fly species and extends outside of the order.

Key words: blowflies chironomids fruit flies bush flies moths

38. Baldo, B.A., and Panzani, R.C. Detection of IgE antibodies to a wide range of insect species in subjects with suspected inhalant allergies to insects. International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology, 1988, 85, 278-287.

Species: 1. Musca domestica Linnaeus.

2. Calliphora stygia (Fabricius).

3. Tineola bisselliella (Hummel).

4. Ephestia cautella (Walker).

5. Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

6. Anthrenus verbasci (Linnaeus).

7. Ctenolepisma longicaudata Escherich.

8. Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius).

9. Calliphora augur (Fabricius).

10. Chrysomya bezziana Villeneuve.

11. Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart).

12. Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann).

13. Parasarcophaga sp. [Diptera]

14. Musca vetustissima Walker.

15. Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt). [=Dacus tryoni of paper]

16. Chironomus duplex Walker.

17. Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus).

18. Aedes communis De Geer.

19. Culex fatigans Wiedemann.

20. Agrotis infusa (Boisduval).

21. Chortoicetes terminifera (Walker).

Note: Sera from 41 persons diagnosed as having inhalant allergies to insects were tested for the presence of antibodies to antigens of seven species of insects representing six orders (being the first seven listed). Only three of the sera proved negative to any of the extracts while 13 reacted to all seven. Extracts from a further 11 species of flies, another moth, a locust, and another beetle also provided high positive scores with 13 of the sera that reacted with nearly all of the first set of extracts. Extensive cross-reactivities to other arthropods can occur in people sensitive to one or a few insects.

39. Baldo, B.A., Sutton, R., and Wrigley, C.W. Grass allergens, with particular reference to cereals. Progress in Allergy, 1982, 30, 1-66.

Note: A review in which the beetles, moths, and mites associated with grain are discussed as a cause of hypersensitivity responses (pp. 40-45).

40. Balyeat, R.M., Stemen, T.R., and Taft, C.E. Comparative pollen, mold, butterfly, and moth emanation content of the air. Journal of Allergy, 1932, 3, 227-234.

Country: USA.

Note: Scales from lepidopterans were shown to be very common, sometimes more common than pollen, in the air. Two patients of 79 gave positive skin tests to extracts of lepidopteran scales.

41. Bannon, G.A., Helm, R.M., Cockrell, G., Stanley, J.S., Brenner, R.J., Sharkey, P.C, and Burks, A.W. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of an oligonucleotide sequence derived from a peptide of a 36 kD German cockroach allergen. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1993, 91, 357-357.

Species: Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

Country: USA.

Note: See title. [abstract of conference presentation]

42. Barbee, R., Yunginger, J., Welsh, P., Reed, C., and Gleich, G. Bronchial response to inhaled phospholipase A in sting-sensitive subjects before and after honeybee venom immunotherapy. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1980, 65, 202-202.

Species: Apis mellifera Linnaeus.

Country: USA.

Note: Inhaled phospholipase A induced bronchoconstriction in three patients with sting sensitivity. They underwent successful honeybee venom immunotherapy but were not protected against the bronchoconstriction response. The response did not occur in beekeepers nor was it associated with a prior history of inhalant bee dust allergy. [Abstract of paper]

43. Baskakova, A.E. Bronkhial’naya astma vsledstvie allergii k motylyu. [Bronchial asthma caused by allergy to tendipes gnats]. Vrachebnoe Delo, Nauchnyï Meditsinskiï Zhurnal. Kharkov, 1978, 106-106.

Species: [Chironomidae]

Country: USSR.

Note: A case of asthma due to the larvae of Chironomidae which are used as fish food and as bait for fish.

44. Bauer, M, and Patnode, R. National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health Health hazard evaluation Report No. GHETA 81-121, Morgantown, West Virginia, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, 1983. [also issued as Health Hazard Evaluation Report HETA-81-121-1421 by National Technical Information Service, US Department of Commerce, 1984]

Species: 1. Heliothis virescens (Fabricius).

2. Helicoverpa zea (Boddie). [=Heliothis zea of report]

3. Lymantria dispar (Linnaeus).

4. Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith).

5. Trichoplusia ni (Hübner).

6. Apis mellifera Linnaeus.

7. Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus). [=Laspeyresia pomonella of report]

8. Manduca sexta (Linnaeus).

9. Musca domestica Linnaeus.

10. Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders).

11. Aedes sp. [Diptera]

12. Ephestia cautella (Walker).

13. Heliothis subflexa Guenée.

14. Leucophaea maderae (Fabricius).

15. Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner).

16. Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner.

17. Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

18. Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel).

19. Galleria mellonella (Linnaeus).

20. Pseudoplusia includens (Walker).

21. Spodoptera exigua (Hübner).

22. Tribolium sp. [Coleoptera]

23. Anthonomus grandis Boheman.

24. Diabrotica virgifera Leconte.

25. Hypera postica (Gyllenhal).

26. Plodia interpunctella (Hübner).

27. Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier).

28. Solenopsis invicta Buren.

29. Anastrepha suspensa (Loew).

30. Anopheles sp. [Diptera]

31. Bombyx mori (Linnaeus).

32. Diabrotica longicornis (Say).

33. Geocoris sp. [Hemiptera]

34. Haematobia irritans (Linnaeus).

35. Loxagrotis albicosta (Smith).

36. Melanoplus sp. [Orthoptera]

37. Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus).

38. Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius).

39. Stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus).

40. Toxorhanchites rutilus (Coquillett).

41. Trichogramma sp. [Hymenoptera]

42. Trybliographa sp. [Hymenoptera]

43. Anarsia lineatella Zeller.

44. Attagenus megatoma (Fabricius).

45. Autographa californica (Speyer).

46. Bruchophagus roddi (Gussakovsky).

47. Culex sp. [Diptera]

48. Diabrotica undecimpunctata Mannerheim.

49. Diatraea grandiosella (Dyar).

50. Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius).

51. Ephestia kuehniella Zeller. [=Anagasta kuehniella of report]

52. Epilachna varivestis Mulsant.

53. Exitianus exitiosus (Uhler).

54. Harrisina brillians Barnes and McDunnough.

55. Lasioderma serricorne (Fabricius).

56. Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say).

57. Macrosteles fascifrons (Stål).

58. Megachile rotundata (Fabricius).

59. Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas).

60. Podisus maculiventris (Say).

61. Scolytus multistriatus (Marsham).

62. Sitophilus oryzae (Linnaeus).

63. Tenebrio sp. [Coleoptera]

64. Vespula pensylvanica (Saussure).

Country: USA.

Note: Surveys were conducted in six facilities of the United States Department of Agriculture where rearing of insects was conducted. About one quarter of the 71% of the employees who responded to the questionnaire were currently experiencing or had experienced some type of allergy related to their exposure to insects at work and 83% of these thought that airborne materials caused their problems. The insects are listed in the order of association with work-related symptoms. There were 274 responses from the 190 employees and two thirds of the responses implicated species of Lepidoptera. Heliothine species alone provided 27% of the responses and the first ten species on the list 56%. Recommendations for reducing exposures to insect derived allergens in research laboratories and for medical surveillance of workers are included in the report. The results of a survey of one of the facilities have been published previously (Report HETA 82-002, May 1983) and data from that report are included in the present report.

45. Baur, X. Chironomid hemoglobin—a major allergen for humans. Chironomus, 1982, 2, 24-25.

Species: 1. Chironomus riparius Meigen. [=Chironomus thummi thummi of paper]

2. Cladotanytarsus lewisi (Freeman).

Country: Germany.

Note: A short account of the allergological, immunological, and biochemical research on the allergens shown to be the cause of asthma due to occupational exposure to dried chironomid larvae. ‘In summary, we were able to demonstrate that hemoglobins of chironomids are potent allergens in man, causing type I allergic reactions in a high percentage of the exposed individuals.’

46. Baur, X. Hämoglobine von Chironomiden (Zuckmücken): bisher unbekannte, aggressive Inhalations-Antigene für den Menschen. [Haemoglobins of chironomids: until now unknown potent inhalant antigens for humans]. Klinische Wochenschrift, 1980, 58, 1163-1164.

Species: Chironomus riparius Meigen. [=Chironomus thummi thummi of paper]

Country: Germany.

Note: The freeze-dried larvae are used as fish-food. Of 99 persons handling larvae or preparations of them about one third suffered from respiratory sensitivity caused by IgE antibodies specific to the haemoglobins of this species. The adults contain the same allergens as the larvae.

47. Baur, X. Untersuchungen über die Struktur von asthma-relevanten Inhalationsallergien. [A study of the structure of asthma-provoking inhalative allergens. (author’s translation)] Praxis und Klinik der Pneumologie, 1983, 37, 714-716.

Species: Chironomus riparius Meigen. [=Chironomus thummi of paper]

Country: Germany.

Note: Techniques for the identification, characterisation, and elucidation of the structures of clinically important inhalant allergens are described. The work on chironomid haemoglobins is used as an example.

48. Baur, X. Charakterisierung beruflicher Inhalationsallergene. [Characterisation of occupational inhalant allergens]. Allergologie, 1988, 11, 446-449.

Note: The occupational allergens whose structures have been defined are almost exclusively proteins with a relative molecular mass of 10-40 000. Antigenic determinants with characteristic properties are located within the chain of the protein. The insect allergens described and discussed are the haemoglobins of chironomids. [review]

49. Baur, X. Chironomid midge allergy. Arerugi, 1992, 41, 81-85.

Species: 1. Chironomus annularis (De Geer).

2. Chironomus bernensis Klötzli.

3. Chironomus circumdatus (Kieffer).

4. Chironomus dorsalis Meigen.

5. Chironomus flaviplumus Tokunaga.

6. Chironomus holomelas Keyl.

7. Chironomus kiiensis Tokunaga.

8. Chironomus luridus Strenzke.

9. Chironomus muratensis Ryser, Scholl, and Wülker. [=Chironomus moratensis of paper]

10. Chironomus nipponensis Tokunaga.

11. Chironomus pallidivittatus (Malloch).

12. Chironomus piger Strenzke.

13. Chironomus plumosus (Linnaeus).

14. Chironomus salinarius Kieffer.

15. Chironomus storai (Goetghebuer).

16. Chironomus tentans Fabricius.

17. Chironomus tepperi Skuse.

18. Chironomus riparius Meigen. [=Chironomus thummi thummi of paper]

19. Chironomus yoshimatsui Martin & Sublette.

20. Cladotanytarsus lewisi (Freeman).

21. Cricotopus sylvestris (Fabricius).

22. Dicrotendipes lobiger (Kieffer).

23. Glyptotendipes pallens (Meigen).

24. Glyptotendipes tokunagai Sasa.

25. Macropelopia nebulosa (Meigen).

26. Microtendipes pedellus (De Geer).

27. Paratanytarsus grimmii (Schneider).

28. Polypedilum japonicum (Tokunaga).

29. Polypedilum kyotoense (Tokunaga).

30. Polypedilum nubeculosum (Meigen).

31. Polypedilum nubifer (Skuse).

32. Tanytarsus oyamai Sasa.

33. Propsilocerus akamusi (Tokunaga) [=Tokunagayusurika akamusi of paper].

Note: The larvae and adults of chironomids cause allergic reactions in about 20 percent of people exposed to them. Exposures are predominantly to the insects in nature, to dried insects in fish food, and to the insects or their haemoglobins among researchers. The topics covered in the review are the identification of the allergens, their importance as allergens, the identification of epitopes, and the genetic bases of
Chi t I hypersensitivity in humans. [review]

50. Baur, X., Aschauer, H., Braunitzer, G., Dewair, M., and Fruhmann, G. Studies on antigenic determinants of potent insect allergens (chironomid hemoglobins). in ‘XI International congress of allergology and clinical immunology. Abstracts’. London and Basingstoke, Macmillan Press, 1982. Abstract 068.

Country: Germany.

Note: Seven antigenic determinants were localised along the peptide chains of three haemoglobins by RAST studies on peptide fragments obtained by cleavage of the purified haemoglobins. Individual haemoglobins contain ‘at least one to three’ of these antibody binding sites.

51. Baur, X., Aschauer, H., Dewair, M., Fruhmann, G., and Braunitzer, G. Relationship between primary structures and allergenicity of asthma-inducing insect proteins (chironomid hemoglobins). Chest, 1982, 82, 254-254.

Note: An abstract of a talk given to the 14th world congress on diseases of the chest in which the group’s work on chironomid haemoglobin is summarised. The contact with chironomid larvae was either during the production of fish food or when feeding hobby fish.

52. Baur, X., Aschauer, H., Fruhmann, G., and Braunitzer, G. Detection of an antigenically active region within an insect hemoglobin (Chironomus thummi thummi, component CTT VI).
Allergologia et Immunopathologia, 1980, 8, 407-407.

Species: Chironomus riparius Meigen. [=Chironomus thummi thummi of paper]

Country: Germany.

Note: An abstract of a report in which the work leading to the localisation of the determinant was presented.

53. Baur, X., Aschauer, H., Mazur, G., Dewair, M., Prelicz, H., and Steigemann, W. Structure, antigenic determinants of some clinically important insect allergens: chironomid hemoglobins. Science (Washington, D.C.), 1986, 233, 351-354.

Species: Chironomus riparius Meigen [=Chironomus thummi of paper].

Note: A report of investigations into the structure and the properties of an antigenic site of one of the chironomid haemoglobins.

54. Baur, X., Aschauer, H., Ziegler, D., and Braunitzer, G. Localization of a clinically relevant antigenic determinant within an insect hemoglobin (erythrocruorin) of Chironomus (sequence 58-98 of CTT VI). in ‘New trends in allergy’ Berlin, Springer Verlag, 1981. p. 170.

Note: An abstract of a report to a meeting in which is presented a preliminary account of the work described in Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1982, 69, 66-76.

55. Baur, X., Dewair, M., Fruhmann, G., Aschauer, H., Pfletschinger, J., and Braunitzer, G. Hypersensitivity to chironomids (non-biting midges): localization of the antigenic determinants within certain polypeptide sequences of hemoglobins (erythrocruorins) of Chironomus thummi thummi (Diptera). Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1982, 69, 66-76.

Species: 1. Chironomus riparius Meigen. [=Chironomus thummi thummi of paper]

2. Chironomus annularius auctt.

3. Chironomus tentans Fabricius. [=Camptochironomus tentans of paper]

4. Chironomus tepperi Skuse.

5. Cladotanytarsus lewisi (Freeman).

Country: Germany.

Note: Studies were conducted on 99 individuals who had contact with the larvae of chironomids. Of these 43 reported immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions to airborne constituents of larvae. In 33 persons positive RAST results were obtained to various extracts or constituents of larvae. All 11 isolated haemoglobins of Chironomus riparius (CTT) had antigenic activities and no evidence for other clinically relevant allergenic components of the larvae or the adults was found. Cleavage of two of the haemoglobins (CTT IV and CTT VI) gave several fragments which were antigenic; the smallest of these peptide sequences contained 11 amino acid residues. Studies on sera from five of these persons and from two persons from the Sudan who were sensitised to Cladotanytarsus lewisi showed that immunologic cross-reactivity exists between all the species investigated.

56. Baur, X., Dewair, M., Haegele, K., Prelicz, H., Scholl, A., and Tichy, H. Common antigenic determinants of haemoglobin as basis of immunological cross-reactivity between chironomid species (Diptera, Chironomidae): studies with human and animal sera. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 1983, 54, 599-607.

Species: 1. Chironomus bernensis Klötzli.

2. Chironomus dorsalis auctt.

3. Chironomus plumosus (Linnaeus).

4. Chironomus luridus Strenzke.

5. Chironomus muratensis Ryser, Scholl, and Wülker. [=Chironomus moratensis of paper]

6. Chironomus holomelas Keyl.

7. Chironomus tepperi Skuse.

8. Chironomus riparius Meigen. [=Chironomus thummi of paper]

9. Chironomus piger Strenzke.

10. Chironomus annularius auctt.

11. Chironomus tentans Fabricius. [=Camptochironomus tentans of paper]

12. Glyptotendipes pallens (Meigen).

13. Cladotanytarsus lewisi (Freeman).

14. Einfeldia sp. [Diptera]

Country: Germany.

Note: In this study immunological cross-reactivity between the 14 chironomid species was shown by RAST inhibition, double immunodiffusion, and an allergoprint technique. From experiments with human and rabbit sera ‘it could be proven that cross-reactivity derives at least predominantly from haemoglobin components with common antigenic determinants in the different species’.

57. Baur, X., and Liebers, V. Insect hemoglobins (Chi t I) of the Diptera family Chironomidae are relevant environmental, occupational, and hobby-related allergens. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1992, 64, 185-188.

Species: 1. Chironomus riparius Meigen. [=Chironomus thummi thummi of paper]

2. Chironomus salinarius Kieffer.

3. Chironomus plumosus (Linnaeus).

4. Propsilocerus akamusi (Tokunaga). [=Tokunagayusurika akamusi of paper]

5. Cladotanytarsus lewisi (Freeman).

Countries: Germany, Italy, Japan, USA, Sudan.

Note: A total of 642 people with exposure to chironomid allergens were screened by questionaire, specific IgE was determined by RAST on 620 samples, and skin tests were performed on 124 people. The frequencies of IgE-mediated sensitisation to chironomids were hobby-related (36.1%); occupational (24.7%); and environmental (9.6%).

58. Baur, X., Liebers, V., Mazur, G., Becker, W.-M., Kagen, S.L., and Kawai, K. Immunological cross-reactivity of hemoglobins in the Diptera familiy [sic] Chironomidae. Allergy, 1991, 46, 445-451.

Species: 1. Chironomus annularis (De Geer).

2. Chironomus bernensis Klötzli.

3. Chironomus circumdatus (Kieffer).

4. Chironomus dorsalis Meigen.

5. Chironomus flaviplumus Tokunaga.

6. Chironomus holomelas Keyl.

7. Chironomus kiiensis Tokunaga.

8. Chironomus luridus Strenzke.

9. Chironomus muratensis Ryser, Scholl, and Wülker. [=Chironomus moratensis of paper]

10. Chironomus nipponensis Tokunaga.

11. Chironomus pallidivittatus (Malloch).

12. Chironomus piger Strenzke.

13. Chironomus plumosus (Linnaeus).

14. Chironomus salinarius Kieffer.

15. Chironomus storai (Goetghebuer).

16. Chironomus tentans Fabricius.

17. Chironomus tepperi Skuse.

18. Chironomus riparius Meigen. [=Chironomus thummi thummi of paper]

19. Chironomus yoshimatsui Martin & Sublette.

20. Cladotanytarsus lewisi (Freeman).

21. Cricotopus sylvestris (Fabricius).

22. Dicrotendipes lobiger (Kieffer).

23. Glyptotendipes pallens (Meigen).

24. Glyptotendipes tokunagai Sasa.

25. Macropelopia nebulosa (Meigen).

26. Microtendipes pedellus (De Geer).

27. Paratanytarsus grimmii (Schneider).

28. Polypedilum japonicum (Tokunaga).

29. Polypedilum kyotoense (Tokunaga).

30. Polypedilum nubeculosum (Meigen).

31. Polypedilum nubifer (Skuse).

32. Tanytarsus oyamai Sasa.

33. Propsilocerus akamusi (Tokunaga) [=Tokunagayusurika akamusi of paper].

Country: Germany.

Note: Pooled sera from five hobbyists, pooled sera from three people with symptoms to adult midges, and polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies were used to test for cross-reactivity among 33 species of chironomids. The pooled sera showed moderate to strong cross-reactivities with extracts of all but one (Chironomus salinarius) of the species in the genera Chironomus and Glyptotendipes. All other species gave low or insignificant reactions. Cross-reactions between distantly related species were observed with anti-sera against component III of Chi t I, the major allergen of Chironomus riparius.

59. Baur, X., and Mazur, G. Structures of major chironomid allergens and epitopes: studies with allergen fragments, a synthetic peptide, monoclonal, and human antibodies. in ‘International symposium on mite and midge allergy’. Tokyo, [1989]. pp. 364-372.

Species: 1. Chironomus riparius Meigen. [=Chironomus thummi thummi of paper]

2. Cladotanytarsus lewisi (Freeman).

3. Chironomus plumosus (Linnaeus).

4. Propsilocerus akamusi (Tokunaga) [=Tokunagayusurika akamusi of paper].

5. Chironomus salinarius Kieffer.

6. Chironomus annularis (De Geer).

7. Chironomus muratensis Ryser, Scholl, and Wülker. [=Chironomus moratensis of paper]

8. Chironomus piger Strenzke.

9. Chironomus bernensis Klötzli.

10. Chironomus luridus Strenzke.

11. Chironomus dorsalis Meigen.

12. Chironomus tepperi Skuse.

13. Chironomus tentans Fabricius.

14. Glyptotendipes pallens (Meigen).

15. Einfeldia sp.

Note: Chironomid larvae elicit hypersensitivity reactions in about 18% of persons exposed to them. Haemoglobins are the main allergenic constituents of the larvae. Cross-reactivities are observed between all of the species thus far investigated although the degree of reactivity is less in those species further apart in an evolutionary sense.

60. Baur, X., Mazur, G., and Jarosch, B. Histamine release from human basophils by the insect allergen Chi t I. International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology, 1990, 91, 380-384.

Species: Chironomus riparius Meigen. [=Chironomus thummi thummi of paper]

Country: Germany.

Note: Sensitised patients showed a significantly higher release of histamine than did exposed non-sensitised and non-exposed people, however the percentage of released histamine in the patients did not correlate with skin test response or the concentration of IgE antibodies to Chi t I.

61. Baur, X., and Prelicz, H. Entdeckung weltweit verbreiteter Inhalationsantigene: Hämoglobine der Zuckmücken. [Detection of inhalative allergens to be found worldwide: chironomid haemoglobins]. Allergologie, 1985, 8, 182-185.

Note: A short report which covers the authors’ work on allergies and allergens associated with chironomids. The authors note that there is a high sensitisation index and that the haemoblobins are potent inhalant allergens.

62. Baur, X., Ziegler, D., Reichenbach-Klinke, H.H., Aschauer, H., and Braunitzer, G. Detection of potent insect antigens for humans: Hemoglobins (Erythrocruorins) of chironomids. Naturwissenschaften, 1980, 67, 365-366.

Species: Chironomus riparius Meigen. [=Chironomus thummi thummi of paper]

Country: Germany.

Note: Pet-fish owners developed sensitivity to the freeze-dried larvae which are used as fish food. The allergens are shown to be the haemoglobins of the larvae. In a study which involved selective cleavages of one of these haemoglobins the antigenic part was shown to be within the region 58-98 of the 147 amino-acid residues of the protein. The adults contain antigenic components identical to those of the larvae.

63. Beauchant, G., Dajean, J., and Besson, C. L’asthma dans les professions agricoles. [Asthma in agricultural occupations]. Journal des Agrégés, 1970, 3, 31-36.

Species: Ephestia sp. [Lepidoptera]

Country: France.

Note: Sensitisation to Ephestia has been found to be one of the causes of asthma among workers in agricultural occupations.

64. Beck, E.C. Identification of insects that affect human health. Cutis, 1977, 19, 781-784.

Country: USA.

Note: A general article on the identification of insects and arachnids ‘…that cause allergic reactions’. There is reference to allergies to Orthoptera and Lepidoptera and specific mention of inhalant allergy to cockroach. ‘…hypersensitivity to certain insect proteins is a fairly common phenomenon. It is especially widespread among individuals who work with bees or collections of dead insects or are exposed to pulverized insect parts for long periods of time.’

65. Bellas, T.E. ‘Insects as a cause of inhalant allergies. A bibliography’. 2nd edition. Canberra, Division of Entomology, 1982. [being CSIRO Australia, Division of Entomology Report No 25 ]

Species: An index of species is included.

Country: Worldwide.

Note: A bibliography of articles and reports which are concerned with or mention the existence of inhalant allergies due to insects. Where possible each species involved is identified and the name of the country in which the problem occurred is listed. A short annotation is provided for each of the 328 citations included.

66. Bellas, T. Insect allergy survey. Australian Entomological Society News Bulletin, 1983, 19, 39-41.

Species: 1. Chortoicetes terminifera (Walker).

2. Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann).

3. Locusta migratoria (Linnaeus).

4. Austacris guttulosa (Walker).

5. Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius).

6. Heteropternis obscurella (Blanchard).

7. Phaulacridium vittatum (Sjöstedt).

8. Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus).

9. Bradysia spp. [Diptera]

10. Caledia captiva (Walker).

11. Cryptolestes spp. [Coleoptera]

12. Dindymus versicolor (Herrich-Schäffer).

13. Galleria mellonella (Linnaeus).

14. Leptocneria reducta (Walker).

15. Musca domestica Linnaeus.

16. Persectania spp. [Lepidoptera]

17. Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller).

18. Sitophilus spp. [Coleoptera]

19. Solenopsis invicta Buren.

20. Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus.

21. Tribolium spp. [Coleoptera]

22. Valanga irregularis (Walker).

Country: Australia.

Note: A report on the results of a survey among persons in Australia working in entomology. The questionary was similar to the one utilised by Wirtz. Seventy percent of the 43 respondents listed the mode of exposure as airborne material. Orthoptera were the cause of allergic responses in 14 persons, Diptera in 9, and Coleoptera and Lepidoptera in 6 each. The species are listed in decreasing order of the number of reports of involvement in inhalant and/or contact allergies and of the eight species which provided two or more reports five are locusts or grasshoppers.

67. Bellas, T.E. Inhalant allergy to insects. Proceedings of the Sydney Allergen Group, 1983, 3, 48-55.

Species: 1. Chortoicetes terminifera (Walker).

2. Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann).

3. Drosophila melanogaster Meigen.

4. Bradysia spp. [Diptera].

5. Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius).

6. Pieris rapae (Linnaeus).

7. Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier).

8. Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål).

9. Cladotanytarsus lewisi (Freeman).

10. Euxoa auxiliaris (Grote).

11. Chironomus riparius Meigen. [=Chironomus thummi thummi of paper]

Country: Australia.

Note: A review of the role of insects as a cause of inhalant allergies. Examples of allergies arising from exposures in the workplace, the home, and in nature are discussed and the results of biochemical studies are reviewed. The first seven insects named above have all been implicated in allergic conditions among workers in an entomological research laboratory. The workers have shown symptoms ranging in severity up to severe asthma in the case of one person who worked with Chortoicetes terminifera.

68. Bellas, T.E. Inhalant allergy to insects—occupational aspects. Proceedings of the Sydney Allergen Group, 1986, 5, 86-89.

Note: A brief survey of the occupations for which allergy problems have been reported and the insects which have been implicated in these reports.

69. Bellas, T.E. Occupational inhalant allergy to arthropods. Clinical Reviews in Allergy, 1990, 8, 15-29.

Species: 1. Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius).

2. Psychoda spp. [Diptera]

3. Tanytarsus sp. [Diptera]

4. Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDunnough).

5. Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus.

6. Calliphora spp. [Diptera]

7. Chironomus plumosus (Linnaeus).

8. Chironomus spp. (bloodworms) [Diptera]

9. Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel).

10. Bombyx mori Linnaeus.

11. Dactylopius coccus Costa.

12. Cladotanytarsus lewisi (Freeman).

13. Ephestia kuehniella Zeller.

14. Tribolium castaneum (Herbst).

15. Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus).

16. Liposcelis bostrychophilus Badonnel.

17. Zabrotes subfasciatus Boheman.

18. Dermestes frischii Kugelann.

19. Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål).

20. Drosophila spp. [Diptera]

Note: A review of the involvement of insects, arachnids, and crustaceans in occupational allergy. A list of occupations and the arthropods responsible for allergies within those occupations is given.

70. Benaim-Pinto, C. Alergia a insectos. Las emanaciones de insectos como agentes etiológicos de rinitis y de asma bronchial. Primeras investigaciones en Venezuela. (Comunicación preliminar). [Allergy to insects. The emanations from insects as aetiological agents of rhinitis and bronchial asthma. First investigations in Venezuela. Preliminary report]. Acta Medica Venezolana, 1960, 8, 8-20.

Species: 1. Calendra [sic] sp. [Coleoptera]

2. Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus).

3. Sarcophaga sp. [Diptera]

4. Hexagenia sp. [Ephemeroptera]

5. Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris). [=Macrosiphum pisi of paper]

6. Fidicina sp. [Hemiptera]

7. Polistes sp. [Hymenoptera]

8. Bombyx mori (Linnaeus).

9. Orphulella sp. [Orthoptera]

10. Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus).

11. Blatta orientalis Linnaeus.

12. Acheta domesticus (Linnaeus).

13. Xenopsylla cheopis (Rothschild).

Country: Venezuela.

Note: A review of inhalant allergy due to insects and a study on patients in Caracas in which positive skin tests to insect antigens were found in 53 patients of 80 who suffered from respiratory allergy. Positive passive transfer tests were obtained in three of five patients on whom they were performed.

71. Benaim-Pinto, C. Allergie aux émanations d’insectes. Importance clinique. Quelques aspects immunologiques et thérapeutiques. [Allergy to emanations of insects. Clinical importance. Some immunological and therapeutic aspects]. Acta Allergologica, 1962, 17, 74-85.

Species: [from ten orders]

Country: Venezuela.

Note: A survey of 200 cases of respiratory allergy. Of these cases, 135 (67.5%) showed positive skin tests to insects, although only 3 gave positive tests to insects alone. House dust gave 88.8% of positive tests.

72. Benson, R.L. Diagnosis of hypersensitiveness to the bee and to the mosquito with report on successful specific treatment. Archives of Internal Medicine, 1939, 64, 1306-1327.

Note: Contains a short review on ‘inhalation of emanations of insects’ but mostly deals with stings and bites. There is a suggestion that sensitisation due to inhalation of material shed by bees should be considered.

73. Bergner, R.K. Misconceptions regarding grasshopper allergy. Pediatrics, 1974, 54, 255-256.

Country: USA.

Note: A comment on the article by Schnitzker (Pediatrics, 1974, 53, 280-281). A criticism of the assumptions made and the methodology adopted.

74. Bernstein, D.I., Gallagher, J.S., and Bernstein, I.L. Mealworm asthma: clinical and immunologic studies. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1983, 72, 475-480.

Species: Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus.

Country: USA.

Note: Four out of five bait handlers reported immediate-onset asthma, rhinitis, or contact urticaria while unwrapping and packaging larvae. Positive cutaneous prick tests were detected in these four men. Two of the workers had specific IgE against larval antigens. RAST inhibition experiments and bronchial provocation challenge were conducted to confirm the sensitivities.

75. Bernstein, I.L., Calpouzos, L., Edmonds, R.L., Hasenclever, H.F., Leedom, J.M., Loosli, C.G., McManus, M.L., Safferman, R.S., Solomon, A.M., Solomon, W.R., and Vali, G. Impact of airborne materials on living systems. in ‘Aerobiology: the ecological systems approach’. Stroudsburg, USA, Dowden, Hutchinson, and Ross, 1979. pp. 173-278.

Note: In a section of the review on the impact of aeroallergens there is a short section on the involvement of insects (pp. 253-254). The authors point out that the evidence for the association of most insects with allergy is almost entirely based on skin testing.

76. Bernton, H.S. The approach of the cockroach to allergy. Medical Annals of the District of Columbia, 1965, 34, 112-114.

Species: 1. Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus).

2. Blatta orientalis Linnaeus.

3. Leucophaea maderae (Fabricius).

Country: USA.

Note: A discussion on the mode of entry of cockroach allergens. Recognises inhalant route for other insects but discusses for cockroaches only injection, contact, and ingestion.

77. Bernton, H.S. Memorabilia of Harry S. Bernton, M.D., F.A.C.A. Annals of Allergy, 1978, 40, 262-271.

Species: Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

Country: USA.

Note: An autobiography at the age of 94 in which his researches on cockroach allergens with H. Brown are surveyed (p. 269).

78. Bernton, H.S., and Brown, H. Insect allergy—Preliminary studies of the cockroach. Journal of Allergy, 1964, 35, 506-513.

Species: 1. Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus).

2. Blatta orientalis Linnaeus.

Country: USA.

Note: A survey using skin tests with extracts of the two species. There was found a higher proportion of sensitive people in allergic patients (28%) than in apparently healthy people (7.5%). Discuss the results from the viewpoint of food contamination but inhalation allergies from insects are mentioned.

79. Bernton, H.S., and Brown, H. Studies on the hymenoptera I. Skin reactions of normal persons to honeybee (Apis mellifera) extract. Journal of Allergy, 1965, 36, 315-320.

Species: Apis mellifera Linnaeus.

Country: USA.

Note: Suggest that sensitisation by the inhalation of insect antigens may explain the positive reactions of normal persons to tests with insect antigen. The authors had found 6 positive reactors in 15 persons who claimed that they had never been stung by a member of the Hymenoptera.

80. Bernton, H.S., and Brown, H. Cockroach allergy II: the relation of infestation to sensitization. Southern Medical Journal, 1967, 60, 852-855.

Species: Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

Country: USA.

Note: A survey of patients attending allergy clinics at New York hospitals. Of 755 patients 71% gave positive results to standard allergens and 44% reacted to cockroach extract. ‘The cockroach allergens can be classified not only as an ingestant but also as a contactant and even as an injectant.’ There is no mention of inhalant allergy.

81. Bernton, H.S., and Brown, H. Insects as potential sources of ingestant allergens. Annals of Allergy, 1967, 25, 381-387.

Species: 1. Sitophilus oryzae (Linnaeus).

2. Drosophila melanogaster Meigen.

3. Plodia interpunctella (Hübner).

4. Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Linnaeus).

5. Tribolium castaneum (Herbst).

6. Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val.

7. Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius).

Country: USA.

Note: A survey of allergic and non-allergic persons was conducted using skin tests with extracts of these common food pests. The incidence of positive tests was 30% in the allergic group and 25% in the non-allergic group. Plodia interpunctella and Tribolium castaneum were the insects which gave the highest incidence of positive responses.

82. Bernton, H.S., and Brown, H. Insect allergy: the allergenic potentials of the cockroach.
Southern Medical Journal, 1969, 62, 1207-1210.

Species: l. Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus).

2. Blatta orientalis Linnaeus.

3. Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

4. Leucophaea maderae (Fabricius).

Country: USA.

Note: A review on cockroaches as sources of contactant, injectant, ingestant, and inhalant allergens.

Three laboratory workers suffered asthma when exposed to the fourth species which is known as the Madeira cockroach.

83. Bernton, H.S., and Brown, H. Insect allergy: age in relation to sensitization to the cockroach.
Annals of Allergy, 1970, 28, 175-176.

Country: USA.

Note: An abstract of a paper presented to the 26th Annual Congress. A report on early results of the work reported on pp. 420-422 of this journal.

84. Bernton, H.S., and Brown, H. Cockroach allergy: age of onset of skin reactivity. Annals of Allergy, 1970, 28, 420-422.

Species: Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

Country: USA.

Note: Of 102 allergic children, from infancy to 12 years old, 38% gave positive intracutaneous tests with an extract of the body of the German cockroach. In contrast 5% of 100 non-allergic children reacted positively with the same extract. The youngest child who reacted positively was an asthmatic 4 years of age.

85. Bernton, H.S., and Brown, H. Insect allergy: the allergenicity of the excrement of the cockroach. Annals of Allergy, 1970, 28, 543-547.

Species: Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

Country: USA.

Note: Skin tests were conducted with whole body extract and with faecal extract. Both extracts gave similar results being 41% positive in allergy patients and 11% in non-allergic individuals. ‘feces…are a source of ingestant allergens in contaminated food and a source of inhalant allergens in the environment.’

86. Bernton, H.S., and Brown, H. Insect allergy: the role of the cockroach in allergy. in ‘7th International congress of allergology. Abstracts of free communications’. Amsterdam, Excerpta medica, 1970. p. 102.

Country: USA.

Note: Cockroach allergens may reach the patient by contact, injection, ingestion, or inhalation. Ten test subjects with positive cutaneous reactions to the cockroach developed bronchospasm after inhalation of cockroach extract.

87. Bernton, H.S., McMahon, T.F., and Brown, H. Insect allergy: The cockroach—an excitant of bronchospasm. [Presented at the 25th meeting of the American Academy of Allergy, 1969]

Note: [not seen]

88. Bernton, H.S., McMahon, T.F., and Brown, H. Cockroach asthma. British Journal of Diseases of the Chest, 1972, 66, 61-66.

Species: 1. Leucophaea maderae (Fabricius).

2. Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

Country: USA.

Note: 1. Two entomologists and one laboratory worker had developed sensitivity to this cockroach from exposure in the laboratory.

2. Inhaled cockroach extract provoked bronchial irritation in 10 subjects with positive skin tests to the same extract.

89. Berrens, L. The allergens in house dust. Progress in Allergy, 1970, 14, 259-339.

Note: A review with a section ‘Arthropods in General’ on pp. 282-284 on allergens from insects in which is mentioned most of the earlier reports.

90. Berrens, L. The chemical classification of atopic allergens: an attempt at integration. International Archives of Allergy, 1971, 41, 186-198.

Note: There is a mention that the allergens of caddisflies have been isolated and investigated.

91. Berrens, L. The chemistry of atopic allergens. Basel, S. Karger, 1971. pp. 123-130.

Note: Allergens from insects are discussed on pp. 123-130. There is a review on the studies of caddisfly allergens by Shulman and coworkers. The book is concerned with the isolation and characterisation of atopic allergens.

92. Berrens, L. Estimation of the allergen content of house dust samples by enzymatic assay. Environmental Research, 1991, 56, 68-77.

Species: 1. Musca domestica Linnaeus.

2. Trogoderma angustum Solier.

Note: Found high levels of proteolytic enzyme activity in extracts of some insects and their faeces. The measurement of proteolytic activity is recommended as an indicator of levels of arthropod-derived allergens in house dust. The approach reduces the need for human blood samples as sources of specific antibodies.

93. Berrens, L. Quantification of major insect and animal allergens by protease assay. Arbeiten aus dem Paul-Ehrlich-Institut (Bundesamt für Sera and Impstoffe), 1992, 85, 161-170.

Species: 1. [cockroach].

2. [locust].

3. Musca domestica Linnaeus.

4. Trogoderma angustum Solier.

Note: Reports very high proteolytic activity (about ten times that of dust mite) in Trogoderma and locusts, comparable activity in the excreta of cockroaches but low activity in whole body extract of houseflies. In extracts of the dust mite (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) proteolytic activity is destroyed by heating at 100° for 10 minutes whereas the RAST-inhibition properties are not affected.

94. Bessot, J.C., and Pauli, G. Les allergènes de la poussière de maison. [House dust allergens].
Bulletin Européen de Physiopathologie Respiratoire, 1986, 22, 1-8.

Note: Although mites are the source of the major and most common allergens in house dust other sources of allergens are known. These ‘occasional’ sources include domestic animals, insects, moulds, and other vegetable materials. This editorial notes that numerous insects have been found as components of household dusts but evidence of involvement in allergies is quoted only for cockroaches.

95. Bessot, J.C., Pauli, G., Kerschen, C., Moreau, G., and Hirth, C. Allergie respiratoire au criquet migrateur. [Respiratory allergy to migratory locust]. Revue Française d’Allergologie et d’Immunologie Clinique, 1978, 18, 19-24.

Species: Locusta migratoria (Linnaeus).

Country: France.

Note: Reports on two researchers who developed respiratory allergy after working in a laboratory in which locusts were raised. The periods of exposure before the development of the symptoms were 6 months and 3 years.

96. Bessot, J.C., Pauli, G., Kerschen, C., Moreau, G., and Hirth, C. Deux cas d’asthme professionnel par allergie au criquet. [Two cases of occupational asthma caused by allergy to locusts]. Revue Française d’Allergologie et d’Immunologie Clinique, 1978, 18, 107-107.

Species: Locusta migratoria (Linnaeus).

Country: France.

Note: An abstract of a report to a meeting (13 January 1978) in which the results of the paper were presented.

97. Binns, E.S., Gurney, B., Wyatt, I.J., and White, P.F. Populations of the phorid fly Megaselia halterata on an experimental mushroom unit over 4 years. Annals of Applied Biology, 1979, 92, 159-171.

Species: Megaselia halterata (Wood).

Country: UK.

Note: A brief mention only. ‘…the adults annoy pickers, may cause allergies (Kern, 1938; Truitt, 1951) and…’

98. Birnbaum, J., Guilloux, L., Charpin, D., and Vervloet, D. Cockroach allergens. Lancet, 1991, 337, 249-249.

Species: Blattella germanica (Linnaeus). [=Blatta germanica of letter]

Country: France

Note: Specific IgE levels were determined in sera collected from 623 persons between the ages of 20 and 65 in Marseille. The incidence of positive RAST results was to Blattella germanica (4.7%), to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (9.1%), and to Dactylus glomerata (cocksfoot grass) (8.5%). Among the RAST positive sera 63% were positive to both the cockroaches and the mites. [letter]

99. Birnbaum, J., Lanner, A., Saunier, B., Charpin, D., and Vervloet, D. Association of allergy to cockroach and other indoor allergens. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1993, 91, 358-358.

Species: [not given]

Countries: France and Sweden.

Note: A survey among a group of 139 patients with asthma and/or rhinitis. The findings confirm a high prevalence of cockroach sensitivity and suggest an association with sensitivity to housedust mites and storage mites. [abstract of conference presentation]

100. Böhny, W., Müller, U., and Wüthrich, B. Berufsbedingte Inhalationsallergien bei Imkern. [Occupational respiratory allergies in beekeepers]. Allergologie, 1986, 9, 337-340.

Species: Apis mellifera Linnaeus.

Country: Switzerland.

Note: Nine of 595 beekeepers reported respiratory allergy symptoms while working with bee hives. Sensitisation to components of bee bodies seems to be the main cause of this occupational allergy.

101. Bonhomme, A. Allergie professionnelle agricole. [Allergy in the farming profession]. Ouest-Médical, 1974, 27, 1669-1671.

Country: France.

Note: Lists insects or the remains of insects in flour as one cause of asthma among agricultural workers.

102. Bossert, J., Fuchs, E., Honomichl, K., Maasch, H.J., Risler, H., and Wahl, R. Exogen-allergisches Asthma bronchiale durch den sogenannten "Buckelkäfer" oder "Kugelkäfer" - Gibbium psylloides. [Allergic asthma due to the ‘smooth spider beetle’ - Gibbium psylloides]. Allergologie, 1983, 6, 255-259.

Species: Gibbium psylloides (Czenpinski).

Country: Germany.

Note: The report is about a case of bronchial asthma due to exposure to the beetle in the home. The diagnosis was confirmed by skin and bronchial provocation tests as well as Prausnitz-Küstner and RAST experiments.

103. Bousquet, J., Menardo, J.-L., and Michel, F.-B. Allergy in beekeepers. Allergologia et Immunopathologia, 1982, 10, 395-398.

Species: Apis mellifera Linnaeus.

Country: France.

Note: The authors note that beekeepers represent a high risk group for allergic disorders and they discuss allergies to bee venom, to whole bee body, and to propolis. They note that beekeepers ‘may present an atopic sensitization to bee-hive dust and develop asthma and rhinitis.’

104. Bowen, R. Insects and allergic problems. Southern Medical Journal, 1951, 44, 836-841.

Country: USA.

Note: A review dealing mainly with biters and stingers but does several times refer to inhalant problems with insects. There is also mention of inhalant problems in the discussion following the paper.

105. Brady, U.E. Prostaglandins in insects. Insect Biochemistry, 1983, 13, 443-451.

Note: The author notes that insects and their products can effectively stimulate the immune systems of mammals and that venoms and inhalant allergens from insects can cause a wide spectrum of responses including hypersensitivity, anaphylaxis, and allergies. There is no suggestion that prostaglandins from insects are involved but prostaglandins are known to play a significant role as regulators of mediator secretion in allergic reactions in humans.

106. Bray, G.W. ‘Recent advances in allergy’. London, J. & A. Churchill, 1934. pp. 466-467.

Note: A textbook on allergy. There is a brief summary of hypersensitiveness to insect emanations as a cause of dermatitis, urticaria, and asthma.

107. Brenner, R.J. Preparing for the 21st century: research methods in developing management strategies for arthropods and allergens in the structural environment. in Proceedings of the 1st international conference on insect pests in the urban environment. Eds K.B. Wildey and W.H. Robinson, [England?], [Publisher unknown], 1993, pp. 57-69.

Species: Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

Note: [not seen]

108. Brenner, R.J., Anderson, M.C., and Helm, R.M. Qualitative comparisons of IgE-binding proteins in whole body and tissues among German (Blattella germanica), American (Periplaneta americana) and Oriental (Blatta orientalis) cockroaches. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1993, 91, 358-358.

Species: 1. Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

2. Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus).

3. Blatta orientalis Linnaeus.

Country: USA.

Note: The allergenic activity was compared by using immunoblot techniques. Analysis of German cockroach tissues showed a predominance of acidic IgE-binding components. Highly acidic components were detected in the Oriental cocroach that were not present in American or German cockroaches. [abstract of conference presentation]

109. Brenner, R.J., Barnes, K.C., Helm, R.M., and Williams, L.W. Modernized society and allergies to arthropods. American Entomologist, 1991, 37, 143-155.

Species: 1. Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

2. Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus).

3. Blatta orientalis Linnaeus.

4. Blattella asahinai Mizukubo.

5. Blattella vaga Hebard.

6. Blattella lituricollis (Walker).

7. Plodia interpunctella (Hübner).

Countries: USA, Dominican Republic.

Note: A review under the headings: Asthma and allergy: legacy of modernization; Hypersensitivity and immunoglobulins; Etiologic agents of inhalant allergy; Specificity and cross-reactivity of arthropod allergens; Occupational exposure to arboallergens; Factors in modernized environment inducing hypersensitivity; and Managing arthropod allergies. In the Dominican Republic the better the quality of the housing the greater is the percentage of the residents who are sensitised to cockroaches and mites. Drafty houses offer poor accommodation to cockroaches while better quality housing with less ventilation allows high populations of cockroaches and greater exposure to allergens. The authors offer the challenge of developing housing that is ‘arthropod-resistant’ and suggest research towards preventing infestations by arthropods, managing populations of arthropods, the management of allergens in houses, and into diagnosis and immunotherapy.

110. Brock, T. Résumé of insect allergy. Annals of Allergy, 1961, 19, 288-297.

Note: Is concerned primarily with the stinging insects but mentions allergies caused by non-biting or non-stinging insects.

111. Brooks, S.M. Bronchial asthma of occupational origin. A review. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health, 1977, 3, 53-72.

Note: A review in which allergy due to emanations of insects is considered as an occupational hazard.

112. Brown, A.W.A., and Deom, J.O. Summary: health aspects of man-made lakes. in ‘Man-made lakes: their problems and environmental effects’. Washington, American Geophysical Union, 1973. pp. 755-764.

Note: ‘The organic detritus from vegetation settling to the bottom of the impoundment often produces plagues of chironomid midges, which constitute a real threat to those allergic to them.’ (p. 757)

113. Brown, A.W.A., McKinley, D.J., Bedford, H.W., and Qutubuddin, M. Insecticidal operations against chironomid midges along the Blue Nile. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 1961, 51, 789-801.

Species: Cladotanytarsus lewisi (Freeman). [=Tanytarsus lewisi of paper]

Country: Sudan.

Note: A description of an attempt to control midges which ‘have caused asthma and more serious allergic reactions’.

114. Brown, D.W. Arthropod (Insect) allergy. in ‘Allergy: immunology and medical treatment’. Miami, Florida, USA, Symposia Specialists, 1980. pp. 257-270.

Note: Is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of allergic reactions to stings and bites of arthropods. The existence of inhalant allergies to insects is noted.

115. Brown, E.A. Insects and allergy. Progress in Allergy, 1944, 2, 235-246.

Note: An excellent review of the then state of knowledge.

116. Bruttmann, G., Fabre, A., Fayolle, G., Granier, J., Pin, J., and Terrel, Y. Etude comparative des tests cutanés aux extraits d’acariens et aux extraits d’insectes domestiques chez un group d’allergiques respiratoires à la poussière de maison standard. [Comparative study of skin-tests with mite extracts and extracts of domestic insects in a group of patients with respiratory allergy to standard house dust]. Acta Allergologica, 1973, 28, 70-71.

Country: France.

Note: An abstract of a lecture. Of 500 patients 52% had common reaction to house dust and insects and 43.4% to house dust and mites. Only 10% reacted to all allergens while 32.4% reacted only to house dust.

117. Bruttmann, G., Fabre, A., Fayolle, G., Granier, J., Pin, J., and Terrel, Y. Le rôle des insectes dans l’allergie à la poussière. [The role of insects in allergy to dust]. Revue Médicale des Alpes Françaises, 1973, 5, 181-184.

Species: [Use an extract from a mixture of nine species of insects]

Country: France.

Note : [‘It seems that the relevance of employing [house] dust enriched and dosed with acari no longer needs to be demonstrated and it appears desirable in view of our results to look to treatments with [house] dust enriched and dosed with insects’].

118. Buechner, H.A. Organic dusts: critical emerging health hazard. International Journal of Occupational Health and Safety, 1975, 44, 22-24, 36.

Species: Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus).

Note: Includes in a table of aetiologic agents in hypersensitive pneumonitis, Sitophilus granarius as a source of antigen. The review calls attention to the role of organic dusts and fungal spores as a cause of lung disease.

119. Buisseret, P. Seasonal asthma in an angler. Lancet, 1978, 1, 668-668.

Species: Musca domestica Linnaeus.

Country: UK.

Note: An angler used fly maggots as bait for carp. He gave a positive prick test to fly extract. The seasonal asthma disappeared when the use of maggots was stopped.

120. Burge, P.S. The prevention of occupational asthma. European Journal of Respiratory Diseases, Supplement 126, 1983, 64, 107-110.

Note: A list of examples where atopy has been shown to increase the rate of sensitisation includes ‘laboratory workers handling locusts’. It is pointed out that although atopy may be a substantial risk factor the consequences of excluding atopic workers require careful consideration since several such workers would need to be excluded to prevent one case of asthma. ‘The specificity of atopy as a risk factor is, therefore, too low to be of any practical use in preventing asthma.’

121. Burge, P.S., and Edge, G. Occupational asthma and rhinitis in locust workers. Clinical Allergy, 1980, 10, 346-347.

Species: 1. Locusta migratoria (Linnaeus).

2. Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål).

Country: UK.

Note: An investigation on the staff of a research establishment involved in breeding locusts. Of the 118 staff 117 were surveyed by questionnaire, lung function, skin tests, and determination of specific anti-locust antibodies. Of the staff working in breeding the locusts and working with them 28% had occupational asthma. This is an abstract of a report to a conference.

122. Burge, P.S., Edge, G., O’Brien, I.M., Harries, M., and Pepys,J. Occupational asthma, rhinitis, and urticaria in a research establishment breeding locusts. Thorax, 1979, 34, 415-415.

Country: UK.

Note: A report to a meeting of a survey of one of the establishments reported on by Frankland in 1953. Of persons handling insects in the laboratory 28% showed work-related respiratory disease and 41% rhinitis.

123. Burge, P.S., Edge, G., O’Brien, I.M., Harries, M.G., Hawkins, R., and Pepys, J. Occupational asthma in a research centre breeding locusts. Clinical Allergy, 1980, 10, 355-363.

Species: 1. Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål).

2. Locusta migratoria (Linnaeus).

3. Chilo partellus (Swinhoe).

Country: UK.

Note: The prevalence of work-related asthma, rhinitis, and urticaria was measured in a scientific establishment working with locusts and moths. Of those handling the locusts in the research centre, 26% had work-related wheeze or breathlessness, and one third had work-related rhinitis and urticaria. Work-related symptoms were uncommon in scientists exposed to locusts in the field, and in other employees at the centre. Atopic workers handling the locusts developed occupational asthma more often and more quickly than similarly exposed non-atopic workers.

124. Burge, P.S., Harries, M.G., O’Brien, I.M., and Pepys, J. Evidence for specific hypersensitivity in occupational asthma due to small molecular weight chemicals and an organic (locust) allergen. in ‘The mast cell: its role in health and disease’. Kent, Pitman Medical Publishing Co. Ltd, 1979. pp. 301-308.

Note: The paper deals with the results of occupational exposures to locusts, platinum salts, and colophony. The course of the development of symptoms to locusts fits the pattern of an occupational asthma provoked by allergens. A brief outline is given of the results of the investigations in a research establishment where locusts were bred.

125. Burge, P.S., O’Brien, I.M., Harries, M.G., and Pepys. J. Occupational asthma due to inhaled carmine. Clinical Allergy, 1979, 9, 185-189.

Species: Dactylopius coccus Costa. [=Coccus cactus of paper]

Country: UK.

Note: One patient worked extracting the carmine from the insects which are the source of the dye and the other used carmine as a cosmetic colouring agent. Inhalation of extracts of the insects induced asthma attacks in both patients.

126. Burrell, R. Immunological reactions to inhaled physical and chemical agents. in ‘Handbook of physiology’. Bethesda, Maryland, American Physiological Society, l977, pp. 285-298.

Species: Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus).

Note: ‘Arthropod exoskeleta, pupal cases, and excreta when airborne have proven to be powerful inhalant allergens. Mixed Type I and III immune responses to the wheat weevil (Sitophilus granarius) occur in millers who exhibit the pulmonary symptoms associated with each type.’

127. Butcher, B.T., and Hendrick, D.J. Occupational asthma. Clinics in Chest Medicine, 1983, 4, 43-53.

Note: In this review the authors discuss occupational asthma under the headings: Epidemiology; Host factors; Patterns of asthma; Mechanisms; Agents that can cause asthma; and Treatment. There is mention of work-related asthma to locusts and insect dust is included in a table of agents.

128. Cabanieu, G., Bezian, J.-H., Morichau-Beauchant, G., Capbern, A., and Pautrizel, R. Recherche des anticorps précipitants dans l’allergie à Ephestia kuehniella. [Detection of precipitating antibodies in allergy to Ephestia kuehniella]. Revue Française d’Allergologie, 1971, 11, 257-263.

Species: Ephestia kuehniella Zeller.

Country: France.

Note: Antigen to the moth can be detected in patients suffering from asthma from contact with flour or cereals.

129. Cabanieu, G., Bezian, J.-H., Morichau-Beauchant, G., Capbern, A., and Pautrizel, R. Recherche des anticorps précipitants dans l’allergie à Ephestia kuehniella. [Detectionof precipitating antibodies in allergy to Ephestia kuehniella]. in ‘Les allergies à précipitines’. Paris, l’Expansion, 1970.

Species: Ephestia kuehniella Zeller.

Note: [not seen]

130. Caffrey, D.J. Note on the poisonous urticating spines of Hemileuca Oliviae larvae. Journal of Economic Entomology, 1918, 11, 363-367.

Species: Hemileuca oliviae Cockerell.

Country: USA.

Note: Persons in contact with the spines initially had little problem but with continued exposure they became sensitised and developed hayfever and asthma as well as suffering from painful skin effects and eye irritation.

131. Call, R.S., Smith, T.F., Morris, E., Chapman, M.D., and Platts-Mills, T.A.E. Risk factors for asthma in inner city children. Journal of Pediatrics, 1992, 121, 862-866.

Species: Blattella germanica (Linnaeus) [=Blatta germanica of paper].

Country: USA.

Note: IgE levels (RAST) were measured in children with asthma who lived in the inner city. Amounts of allergen present in the dust from their houses were also determined. Of the children with asthma 69% had IgE antibodies to dust mite, cockroach, and cat although sensitivity to cats was low. In the house dust samples there were found high levels of cockroach and mite allergens but cat allergens were of low incidence.

Key word: cockroaches

132. Call, R.S., Smith, T.F., Morris, E., Chapman, M.D., and Platts-Mills, T.A.E. Indoor allergen levels in urban and suburban homes of asthmatics in Atlanta, Georgia. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1993, 91, 172-172.

Species: Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

Country: USA.

Note: Houses in urban Atlanta have a high (c. 80%) prevalence of significant levels of allergens from cockroaches (Bla g II) and dust mites. This is in contrast with 26 suburban houses where not one had significant levels of Bla g II. In urban Atlanta similar levels of allergens were found in houses occupied by asthmatic and non-asthmatic children. [abstract of conference presentation]

133. Cambridge, G.W. Immunological responses to inhaled organic dusts and chemicals. Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 1981, 24, 363-366.

Country: UK.

Note: A review of the evidence for immunological and other mechanisms involved in asthmatic responses to the seven classes of agents listed by the Industrial Injuries Advisory Council. [which see]

134. Cambridge, G.W., and Goodwin, B.F.J. ‘Allergy to chemicals and organic substances in the workplace’. Northwood, Middlesex, UK, Science Reviews Ltd, 1984. pp. 13, 46.

Note: An occupational hygiene monograph which aims to provide an introduction to the variety of substances that may cause allergies and the mechanisms by which they act. Locusts, crickets, chironomids, and silkworms appear as examples of insects which have caused allergies in the workplace.

135. Carluccio, A., and Piu, G. Anticorpi anti-blatte nella popolazione sarda. [Anti-cockroach antibodies in the Sardinian population]. Folia Allergologica et Immunologica Clinica, 1983, 30, 118-123.

Species: 1. Blatta orientalis Linnaeus.

2. Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus).

Country: Italy.

Note: One hundred patients with respiratory symptoms of an allergic nature and who had reported the presence of cockroaches in their habitats were given intradermal and passive transfer tests with an extract prepared from a mixture of the two species. The presence of specific antibodies in sera from the patients was investigated by RAST. There were 30 patients who gave positive skin tests, and of these 19 showed positive passive transfer results and eight positive RAST results.

136. Carpenter, G.D.H. ‘A naturalist on Lake Victoria’. London, Unwin, 1920. pp. 317-318.

Species: [Chironomidae]

Country: Uganda.

Note: The author comments upon the enormous numbers of chironomids which can be seen flying over the lake at certain times of the year. ‘…it is a common saying at Entebbe that the arrival of clouds of these gnats produces an outbreak of nasal catarrh among the white inhabitants; possibly this is of the nature of "hay fever".’

137. Cazort, A., and Johnston, T.G. Sensitivity to crickets. Letters to the International Correspondence Society of Allergists. Series XVIII, 1955, p. 55.

Country: USA.

Note: Diagnosis of a case of sensitivity in a man raising crickets for fish bait. His condition improved on receiving extracts of crickets.

138. Centre for Overseas Pest Research [COPR]. ‘Note on allergy to locusts’. February 1973.

Species: Locusts. [not further identified]

Country: UK.

Note: Aimed at persons raising locusts for experimental purposes. A description of the problem and the steps to be taken to reduce exposure. [another edition appeared in 1978]

139. Chan-Yeung, M. Occupational asthma. Chest, 1990, 98, 148S-161S.

Note: A review under the headings: Definition; Epidemiology; Risk factors; Pathogenesis; Diagnosis; Outcome; Therapy; Evaluation of respiratory impediment in patients with asthma; and Summary and future research. Several insects appear in a table entitled ‘Causes of occupational asthma: allergic mechanism, high molecular weight compounds’.

140. Chan-Yeung, M., and Lam, S. Occupational asthma. American Review of Respiratory Disease, 1986, 133, 686-703.

Note: A review which covers the causes, diagnosis, mechanisms, epidemiology, management, and prevention of occupational asthmas. Some examples of insects as agents are included in a table of causes of occupational asthma involving allergic mechanisms and high molecular weight compounds.

141. Chang, J.L., Johnson, J., and Kang, B. Characterization of cockroach antigen. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, (Supplement), 1983, 71, 161-161.

Country: USA.

Note: Various techniques were employed to study the antigens present in a crude cockroach antigen preparation. Seven antigens were detected and the major allergenicity was associated with high molecular weight components. Cockroach antigens were detected in dust collected from houses. [abstract]

142. Chang, J.L., Johnson, J., and Kang, B. Comparison of diagnostic tests for cockroach sensitivity among asthmatics. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, (Supplement), 1984, 73, 153-153.

Country: USA.

Note: Type I hypersensitivity reaction to crude cockroach antigen was tested by skin tests (prick and intradermal), radioallergosorbent test, and bronchial provocation tests. A positive RAST indicates strong cockroach sensitivity but the RAST is not as sensitive as the in vivo tests. [abstract]

143. Chang, J.L., Kang, B., Teodorescu, M., and Ryo, U.Y. Circulating free histamine in peripheral blood following cockroach antigen challenge. Clinical Research, 1982, 30, 478A-478A.

Country: USA.

Note: The study, which was conducted on seven recently diagnosed cockroach-sensitive persons, illustrated that challenge with cockroach antigen produced a significant rise of free histamine in peripheral circulation and it coincided with antigen induced bronchospasm.

144. Chang, J.L., Ryo, U.Y., and Kang, B. Changes in free histamine in peripheral circulation following cockroach-antigen challenge in asthmatics. Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, 1984, 51, 197-202.

Country: USA.

Note: Thirteen chronic asthmatic subjects known to be sensitive to cockroach antigens were studied in their responses to whole body cockroach antigens. Bronchial provocation tests, plasma histamine assays, radioallergosorbent tests, and leucocyte sensitivity tests were conducted. The changes in lung function and plasma histamine levels induced by cockroach antigens were ‘simultaneous, instantaneous, and inversely correlated’. The changes were reversed by isoproterenol intervention. The in vitro assays poorly reflected the bronchial sensitivities of cockroach-sensitive asthmatics.

145. Chapman, M.D. Cockroach allergens: a common cause of asthma in North American cities. Insights in Allergy, 1993, 8, Number 6, 1-8.

Species: 1. Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

2. Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus).

Country: USA.

Note: A review which discusses cockroach allergens under the headings: Geographic distribution and prevalence; Allergens; Sources; Immunoassays and exposure; and Treatment and avoidance. Cockroach allergens are widespread and sensitisation to cockroach allergens is prevalent in persons in lower socioeconomic groups who live in housing infested by cockroaches.

146. Charpin, J., and Arnaud, A. Données actuelles sur les asthmes professionnels. [The current status of occupational asthma]. Revue Française des Maladies Respiratoires, 1983, 11, 397-407.

Country: France.

Note: The authors discuss current diagnostic methods, important causes of occupational allergies, and the mechanisms involved. They note the importance of exposure to laboratory animals as a cause and there is specific mention that locusts have affected some scientific workers.

147. Charpin, J., Scarbonchi, J., Blanc, M., and Bekka, S. Étude allergologique chez les travailleurs de la farine. [Allergological study in workers with flour]. Revue Française d’Allergie, 1964, 4, 69-75.

Country: France.

Note: Among 44 asthmatic patients who were predominantly bakers there were obtained positive tests to extracts of Ephestia (7), cockroaches (4), and silverfish (7). Many of the patients had multiple sensitivities.

148. Chaudhry, S., Jhamb, S., Chauhan, U.P.S., Gaur, S.N., Agarwal, H.C., and Agarwal, M.K. Shared and specific allergenic and antigenic components in the two sexes of American cockroach – Periplaneta americana. Clinical and Experimental Allergy, 1990, 20, 59-65.

Species: Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus).

Country: India.

Note: Skin tests and RAST, immunodiffusion, and two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis studies using whole-body extracts of male and female cockroaches showed that the two sexes had both shared and specific antigens and allergenic components.

149. Choovivathanavanich, P. Insect allergy: antigenicity of cockroach and its excrement. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand, 1974, 57, 237-241.

Species: 1. Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus).

2. Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

Country: Thailand.

Note: Used whole body extract and faeces extract to conduct intradermal tests. About 50% gave positive responses to the cockroach extract. The extract was from a mixture of both species.

150. Choovivathanavanich, P., Suwanprateep, P., and Kanthavichitra, N. Cockroach sensitivity in allergic Thais. Lancet, 1970, 2, 1362-1363.

Species: [Several species]

Country: Thailand.

Note: Compared skin responses of 40 patients to house dust extract (35 positive responses) and cockroach extract (31 positive responses). The cockroach extract was prepared from a blend of species.

151. Choovivathanavanich, P., Suwanprateep, P., and Kanthavichitra, N. House dust and cockroach sensitivity in allergic Thais. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand, 1971, 54, 476-482.

Country: Thailand.

Note: Patients who regularly attended an allergy clinic were given skin tests with antigens prepared from house dust and from a mixture of cockroaches obtained from the patients’ dwellings in Bangkok. Of the 83 allergic subjects 73 had positive cutaneous reactions to house dust antigens and 51 were positive to cockroach antigens.

152. Cornwell, P.B. ‘The cockroach’, volume 1. London, Hutchinson, 1968. pp. 312-313.

Species: Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

Note: Reports that among 600 allergic patients in New York the percentages of positive reactions to cockroach allergen among four ethnic groups was in the same order as the severity of cockroach infestations reported in the houses of the four groups.

153. Cornwell, P.B. Can cockroaches cause asthma? British Medical Journal, 1977, 1, 1159-1159.

Species: 1. Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

2. Blatta orientalis Linnaeus.

Country: UK.

Note: A response to an earlier editorial giving data on the distribution of cockroaches in the UK.

154. Coupry, A. ‘Contribution à l’étude de l’allergie aux poussières d’insectes’. [Contribution to the study of the allergy to insect dusts]. Thèse, Paris, 1961.

Note: [not seen]

155. Cranston, P.S. Chironomid associated allergy. Antenna, 1982, 6, 260-261.

Species: Cladotanytarsus lewisi (Freeman).

Country: Sudan.

Note: A report on a lecture by D.J. Lewis delivered on 3rd March, 1982, being an account of work on this chironomid.

156. Cranston, P.S. The taxonomy and ecology of Orthocladius (Eudactylocladius) fuscimanus (Kieffer), a hygropetric chironomid (Diptera). Journal of Natural History, 1984, 18, 873-895.

Note: Notes that the nuisance flies associated with sewage treatment works should be considered as medically significant in view of the [known] allergenicity of Psychodidae and Chironomidae.

157. Cranston, P.S. Allergens of non-biting midges (Diptera: Chironomidae): a systematic survey of chironomid haemoglobins. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 1988, 2, 117-127.

Note: The survey was conducted on a large number of species of chironomids. The results showed that in those species in which the larvae have haemoglobins, the haemoglobins can be retained into the adult stage and that they persist in both live and in dead (and dry) flies.

158. Cranston. P.S. The biology of Chironomidae, with particular reference to the phylogeny, ecology and occurrence of haemoglobin. in ‘International symposium on mite and midge allergy’. Tokyo, [1989]. pp. 232-242.

Country: Australia.

Species: 1. Tanytarsus semibarbitarsus Glover.

2. Chironomus alternans Skuse.

3. Dicrotendipes septemmaculatus (Becker).

4. Polypedilum nubifer (Skuse).

Note: In several Australian species the adult flies give positive tests for haemoglobins which molecules are the principal allergen in the larvae. The four species named are ‘nuisance species’, i.e. they can occur in large swarms near people but there have been no reports of allergic reactions to them.

159. Cranston, P.S., Gad El Rab, M.O., and Kay, A.B. Chironomid midges as a cause of allergy in the Sudan. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 1981, 75, 1-4.

Species: Cladotanytarsus lewisi (Freeman).

Country: Sudan.

Note: A review which covers entomological, ecological, and immunological aspects. ‘…this widespread and important "man made" hypersensitivity in the Sudan has the features of well recognised immediate-type allergy commonly associated with pollens and other air-borne allergens.’

160. Cranston, P.S., Gad El Rab, M.O., Tee, R.D., and Kay, A.B. Immediate-type skin reactivity to extracts of the ‘green nimitti’ midge, (Cladotanytarsus lewisi), and other chironomids in asthmatic subjects in the Sudan and Egypt. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 1983, 77, 527-533.

Species: 1. Cladotanytarsus lewisi (Freeman).

2. Dicrotendipes fusconotatus (Kieffer).

3. Procladius noctivagus (Kieffer).

4. Conchapelopia cygnus (Kieffer).

5. Cladotanytarsus pseudomancus (Goetghebuer).

6. Paracladopelma graminicolor (Kieffer).

7. Nanocladius vitellinus (Kieffer).

8. Cryptochironomus neonilicola (Freeman).

Countries: Sudan and Egypt.

Note: Skin ‘prick’ tests were conducted with an extract of Cladotanytarsus lewisi. Skin-test-positive individuals were identified in Khartoum, Kosti, Sennar, Wad Medani, Shendi, and Atbara in the Sudan and in Aswan, Luxor, and Qena in Egypt. There appeared to be a limited degree of cross reactivity with the other species tested. Cladotanytarsus lewisi is a major source of chironomid allergens in the subjects and hypersensitivity to this midge is far more widespread than previously thought.

161. Cranston, P.S., Tee, R.D., Credland, P.F., and Kay, A.B. Chironomid haemoglobins: their detection and role in allergy to midges in the Sudan and elsewhere. Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, No. 34 (1983), 71-87.

Species: 1. Cladotanytarsus lewisi (Freeman).

2. Chironomus riparius Meigen.

Country: Sudan.

Note: Studies on allergic reactions to chironomids are reviewed. Skin prick tests and RAST with various extracts and fractionated allergens indicate that chironomid haemoglobins are important allergens.

162. Crawford, L.V. Immediate hypersensitivity to cricket. Annals of Allergy, 1978, 40, 290-290.

Country: USA.

Note: An abstract of a paper presented to a meeting in which a case of allergy to cricket is described. The symptoms appeared within 30 minutes of exposure to crickets.

163. Criep, L.H. ‘Clinical immunology and allergy’. New York, Grune and Stratton, 1969. p. 414.

Note: The book has a brief mention entitled ‘reactions to insect emanations’ but the section is mostly about stings and bites.

164. Cullen, M.R., Cherniack, M.G., and Rosenstock, L. Occupational medicine. New England Journal of Medicine, 1990, 322, 594-601.

Note: An article written ‘…to describe and review some of the new knowledge about clinical occupational medicine.’ In the section on lung diseases ‘insects’ and ‘silkworm larva’ are included in a list of materials causally linked to asthma in the workplace.

165. Davies, R.J., and Blainey, A.D. Occupational asthma: classification and clinical aspects.
Seminars in Respiratory Medicine, 1984, 5, 229-239.

Species: Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus).

Note: Occupational asthma is discussed under the headings—prevalence, predisposing factors, classification and etiology, pathogenic mechanisms, diagnosis, prevention, management, and medicolegal aspects. The table of agents known to cause occupational asthma includes locust (laboratory workers), cockroaches (laboratory workers), Sitophilus granarius (grain workers), and silkworm (sericulture).

166. Davies, R.J., Green, M., and Schofield, N.McC. Recurrent nocturnal asthma after exposure to grain dust. American Review of Respiratory Disease, 1976, 114, 1011-1019.

Species: Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus).

Country: UK.

Note: Report on a farmer who suffered recurrent asthma. The evidence suggests that the grain mite Glycyphagus destructor might be an important allergen. The patient gave a positive skin test to Sitophilus granarius and the possibility of sensitivity to this insect is mentioned several times.

167. Davies, R.R. Aerobiology and atopy. British Journal of Dermatology, 1974, 90, 101-105.

Species: [Locust]

Note: A mention of the locust sensitivity described by Frankland. This seems to be the only reference to insects. There are references to mites.

168. de Blay, F., Kassel, O., Chapman, M., Ott, M., Verot, A., and Pauli, G. Mise en évidence des allergènes majeurs des blattes par test ELISA dans la poussière domestique. [Demonstration of major cockroach allergens in house dust by the ELISA test]. Presse Médicale, 1992, 21, 1685-1685.

Species: Blattella germanica (Linnaeus). [=Blatella germanica of letter]

Country: France.

Note: Measurements were made of levels of Bla g I and Bla g II in the houses of six people who gave positive skin tests to cockroach extracts. Medium to high levels were found in four of the houses, but in the case of the other two, these people were exposed to high levels of cockroach allergens at their places of work.

169. Dechamp, C., Fleury, M., Hoch, D., Tricaud, A., Deviller, P., and Perrin, L.F. La blatte ou cafard, allergene meconnu. [The cockroach, an underrated allergen]. Lyon Médical, 1985, 253, 211-214.

Species: 1. Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

2. Blatta orientalis Linnaeus.

3. Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus).

Country: France.

Note: Skin tests and RAST were conducted on 169 patients, of whom 73 were allergic to house dust and mites, and 24 of the patients were found to be allergic to cockroaches. Eight persons were allergic only to cockroaches. Hyposensitisation was achieved in two patients and this was verified by provocation tests conducted at the end of a year of treatment.

170. Dessart, P. Allergies et arthropodes. [Allergies and arthropods]. Les Naturalistes Belges, 1986, 67, 30-30.

Species: 1. Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

2. Periplaneta american (Linnaeus).

3. Euproctis similis (Fuessly).

4. Trogoderma inclusum Leconte.

5. Locusta migratoria (Linnaeus).

Note: Notes that anaphylactic episodes or severe allergic reactions have been recorded to bedbugs, cockroaches, triatomine bugs, caterpillars, beetle larvae, chironomid flies, locusts, mites, spiders, crabs, and daphnia. Some of these animals bite or possess urticating hairs.

171. Dewdney, J.M. Animals in the aetiology of asthma. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 1984, 77, 629-631.

Species: Cladotanytarsus lewisi (Freeman).

Note: In this editorial the role of insects as a cause of asthma is discussed. The examples quoted are of exposures to insect allergens derived from cockroaches (in house dust), locusts (in laboratories), silk moths (during sericulture), and chironomid midges (along the Nile). There are comments on the management of animal-induced asthma and, in particular, on the problems associated with the work environment.

172. Dietemann-Molard, A., Braun, J.J., Sohier, B., and Pauli, G. Extrinsic allergic alveolitis secondary to carmine. Lancet, 1991, 338, 460-460.

Species: Dactylopius coccus Costa. [=Coccus cactus of paper]

Country: France.

Note: A sales manager, who did not directly work with carmine, when exposed to carmine, showed two hours later a strong reaction with symptoms of coughing, reduced lung function, and increase in temperature.

173. Dietschi, R., and Wüthrich, B. "Aquarium"-Allergie: Asthma bronchiale durch polyvalente Sensibilisierung auf verschiedene Fischfutter-Bestandteile. [Aquarium allergy: bronchial asthma through polyvalent sensitisation to different fish-food ingredients]. Hautarzt, 1987, 38, 160-161.

Species: 1. Chironomus sp. [Diptera]

2. Culex sp. [Diptera]

Country: Switzerland.

Note: A patient who kept fish gave strongly positive skin tests to Chironomus and Culex larvae as well as to the crustaceans: Daphnia, krill, and Mysis. All these animals are incorporated into fishfood. Removal of the aquarium produced a complete relief from the symptoms.

174. Dille, J.R. Allergic incapacitation of pilots. Southern Medical Journal, 1969, 59, 59-61.

Species: Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel).

Country: USA.

Note: Two cases of the sudden onset of severe allergy symptoms in pilots of planes releasing sterile flies. One left the program while the other was able to continue by using a filter on a respirator.

175. Dille, J.R., Gibbons, H.L., and Spikes, G.A. Allergic problems in screwworm fly eradication program personnel. Aerospace Medicine, 1968, 39, 1116-1119.

Species: Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel).

Country: USA.

Note: A survey of people involved in the packaging and dispersal of flies. Of flight crew members 68% reported allergy symptoms. Three case reports are included: the patients responded favourably to hyposensitisation.

176. Diller, G. et al. The correlation of RAST in occupational asthma (bakers asthma). Annual meeting of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, 1979. Abstracts p. 57.

Species: Tribolium sp. [Coleoptera]

Country: Germany.

Note: ‘The most frequently occurring specific occupational antigens in the skin-tests were: rye-flour 87%, soja-flour 67%, wheat-flour 67% and tribolium 60%.’ The tests were conducted on 15 bakers with bronchial asthma.

177. Djordjevic, S., Zivkovic, M., Godic, V., Bojanic, M., Krejovic, B., Tešic, S., and Verbic, N. Alergijske pojave kod stanovnika sela Gornji Branetici u Šumadiji. [Allergic manifestations in the inhabitants of the village Gornji Branetici in Šumadiji]. Srpski Arhiv za Celokupno Lekarstvo, 1971, 99, 335-341.

Species: 1. Musca domestica Linnaeus.

2. Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

Country: Yugoslavia.

Note: In a survey of the population of a village in Serbia skin tests were conducted with various inhalant allergens. In a group of 56 persons, 16 (28.5%) were positive to house fly, 11 (19.6%) to house dust, and 7 (12.5%) to cockroach extracts.

178. Domenichini, G. Significato delle presenze entomatiche per l’igiene e la qualità degli alimenti. [Significance of the presence of insects for hygiene and quality of foodstuffs]. in ‘La difesa antiparassitaria nelle industrie alimentari e la protezione degli alimenti III’. Piacenza, Camera di Commercio Industria Artigianato e Agricoltura di Piacenza, 1984. pp. 65-80.

Species: 1. Plodia interpunctella (Hübner).

2. Tribolium castaneum (Herbst).

3. Sitophilus oryzae (Linnaeus).

4. Drosophila melanogaster Meigen.

5. Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

6. Blatta orientalis Linnaeus.

7. Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus).

Note: The author mentions that insects and mites have been shown to produce allergic responses through contact with the skin and the respiratory tract, and through ingestion and reviews reports concerned with insects which develop in foodstuffs. (pp. 70-72)

179. Donham, K.J. Hazardous agents in agricultural dusts and methods of evaluation. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 1986, 10, 205-220.

Species: Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus).

Note: As one of several areas where research is needed is included the role of ‘grain mites, insect parts’ in respiratory disease due to grain dust and dusts associated with livestock confinement. It is noted that the granary weevil may be the cause of asthma among grain handlers.

180. doPico, G.A., Reddan, W., Flaherty, D., Tsiatis, A., Peters, M.E., Rao, P., and Rankin, J. Respiratory abnormalities among grain handlers—a clinical, physiologic,and immunologic study. American Review of Respiratory Disease, 1977, 115, 915-927.

Species: Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus).

Country: USA.

Note: The authors note that contaminants of grain dust are also potential allergens. ‘Insect debris from the wheat weevil (Sitophilus granarius) and debris from the mite (Tyroglyphus farinae) are potent sensitizers and known causes of asthma and alveolitis.’

181. Douglas, R.B. Pooter’s lung. Thorax, 1982, 37, 240-240.

Country: UK.

Note: Twelve workers in a laboratory where mosquitoes are studied were divided into two groups of six. Throughout one working day one group pooted as required while the other group did not. The results of respiratory function tests conducted at the beginning and at the end of the day showed that five of the pooting group showed a reduction in function. Among the non-pooters four showed an improvement and two a reduction in lung function. ‘The results…indicate that the practice [of pooting] may carry a risk of respiratory sensitisation.’ [abstract of report to meeting]

182. Douglas, R.B. The hazards of pooting insects. Antenna, 1984, 8, 193-194.

Note: The author notes that evidence is beginning to accumulate which suggests that pooting (mouth pipetting or aspiration) may carry a risk of respiratory sensitisation. Examples of individuals who appear to have developed specific sensitivities or other symptoms include both laboratory and field workers.

183. Douglas, R.B. and Adamou, T. Respiratory function survey of insectary technicians. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 1979, 73, 727-728.

Note: The results of lung function tests on five laboratory workers exposed to mosquitoes and organic debris from mouth pipetting [pooting] revealed no gross abnormality of function. [letter, but see later articles]

184. Duke, W.W. in discussion following Figley, K.D. Journal of Allergy, 1940, 11, 376-387.

Species: [claimed to be ‘housefly’]

Country: USA.

Note: ‘I have observed one case of sensitiveness to the common housefly. In this case the bite of a housefly would cause a delayed inflammatory reaction at the site of the bite. This was followed by a debilitating systemic illness associated with loss of weight if the fly bites were numerous.’ The fly is probably not the house fly since house flies cannot bite. It does not appear to be an example of inhalant allergy.

185. Dutkiewicz, J. Exposure to dust-borne bacteria in agriculture. I. Environmental studies. Archives of Environmental Health, 1978, 33, 250-259.

Species: Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus).

Country: Poland.

Note: Suggests that microorganisms associated with the granary weevil could be the source of the antigen implicated in sensitivity to granary weevil. The most common bacteria in Sitophilus granarius was Erwinia herbicola (synonym Enterobacter agglomerans).

186. Dutkiewicz, J. Exposure to dust-borne bacteria in agriculture. II. Immunological survey. Archives of Environmental Health, 1978, 33, 260-270.

Species: Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus).

Country: Poland.

Note: ‘The reactions to the allergen of grain weevils showed a certain correlation with reactions to Erwinia herbicola, i.e., the bacteria indigenous to these insects. However, the fact that only fifteen workers were examined with grain weevil extract limits the conclusions that can be determined.’ He found ‘that most of the workers exposed to the inhalation of grain dust containing E. herbicola revealed positive immunologic response to these bacteria, which appeared to be highly antigenic’. ‘The exact role of E. herbicola in causing the diseases due to inhalation of grain dust needs further study.’

187. Dutkiewicz, J., Jablonski, L., and Olenchock, S.A. Occupational biohazards: a review.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 1988, 14, 605-623.

Species: 1. Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus).

2. Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus).

3. Lymantria dispar (Linnaeus).

4. Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDonnough).

5. Euproctis chrysorrhoea (Linnaeus).

6. Thaumetopoea pinivora Treitschke [=Thaumatopoea pinivora of paper].

7. Ephestia kuehniella Zeller.

8. Bombyx mori (Linnaeus).

9. Apis mellifera Linnaeus.

Note: Contains lists of biological agents of occupational hazard by class (comprising bacteria, fungi, lower plants other than fungi, higher plants, invertebrate animals other than arthropods, arthropods, and vertebrate animals) and occupational groups with their occupation’s biological hazards.

188. Ebeling, W. ‘Urban entomology’. Los Angeles, University of California, Division of Agricultural Sciences, 1975.

Species: 1. Anthrenus flavipes Le Conte.

2. Attagenus megatoma (Fabricius).

Country: USA.

Note: This text mentions cockroach allergy (p. 220), allergic reactions to dermestids (p. 287) and psychodids (p. 511), and has sections entitled ‘Inhalant allergies attributable to insects’ (pp. 326-327) and ‘Nonvenomous arthropods that are sources of allergenic emanations and inhalant allergies’ (pp. 518-521).

189. Ebner, H., Ebner, C., and Kraft, D. Vergleichende Untersuchungen zur Frage von Antigengemeinschaften zwischen Chironomiden und Crustaceen. [Comparative investigations concerning the question of an antigenic relationship between chironomids and crustaceans]. Allergologie, 1990, 13, 128-133.

Species: Chironomus riparius Meigen. [=Chironomus thummi thummi of paper]

Country: Austria.

Note: Tests on the sera of 13 people with a history of food allergy to crab and to shrimp showed in all 13 the presence of IgE antibodies against the chironomid. Of 17 people with sensitivity to chironomids three had specific antibodies to crab and shrimp.

190. Edahiro, T., Ohta, N., and Ishii, A. Analysis of chironomid allergens using specific T-cell lines and clones in humans. Acta Medica Okayama, 1989, 43, 261-270.

Species: 1. Propsilocerus akamusi (Tokunaga) [=Tokunagayusurika akamusi of paper].

2. Chironomus yoshimatsui Martin and Sublette.

Country: Japan.

Note: The reactions between the various clones and the insect extracts allowed the authors to conclude that there were at least three recognition sites in the first species, that there were common recognition sites in the two species, and that, in humans, the T cell and B cell recognition sites are different.

191. Edahiro, T., Ohta, N., Matsuoka, H., Ishii, A., Tanizaki, Y., Kitani, H., Kunitomi, T., Noono, S., and Tachibana, K. Analysis of lymphocyte response to chironomid midge antigens in asthmatic and non-asthmatic individuals. Japanese Journal of Medical Science and Biology, 1989, 42, 101-110.

Species: 1. Propsilocerus akamusi (Tokunaga) [=Tokunagayusurika akamusi of paper].

2. Chironomus yoshimatsui Martin and Sublette.

Country: Japan.

Note: Observed differences in responses of peripheral blood lymphocytes to antigens of chironomids between adults and children. The responses did not correlate with specific IgE production.

192. Edge, G., and Burge, P.S. Immunological aspects of allergy to locusts and other insects. Clinical Allergy, 1980, 10, 347-347.

Species: 1. Locusta migratoria (Linnaeus).

2. Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål).

3. Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus.

4. Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus).

5. ‘spiny stick insect’.

6. ‘mulberry moon moth’.

7. Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus Trouessart. [Acari]

Country: UK.

Note: IgE and IgG antibodies to insect extracts were measured by ELISA in 43 workers in two centres breeding locusts and mealworms, one centre also breeding stick insects, cockroaches, and mulberry moon moths. Antibody levels correlated with the intensity of exposure. ‘…it is possible to say that insects are a source of potent allergens…’ This is an abstract of a report to a conference.

193. Education Services Advisory Committee ‘What you should know about allergy to laboratory animals.’ London, Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1990. pp. 1–8.

Country: United Kingdom.

Note: A guide under the headings: Introduction; What is allergy to laboratory animals (ALA)?; What does the employer need to do?; What does the employee need to do?; Legal responsibilities; References. Among the animals are included ‘insects’ with mention of locusts and crickets.

194. Ehl, W., and Wahl, R. Allergisches Asthma, Rhinitis und Urtikaria bei einem Angler durch Made Calliphora erythrocephala. [Allergic asthma, rhinitis and urticaria of an angler caused by maggot of Calliphora erythrocephala. Allergologie, 1991, 14, 32-36.

Species: Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy. [=Calliphora erythrocephala of paper]

Country: Germany.

Note: An amateur fisherman developed allergic reactions after several years use of maggots as bait. The sensitisation was confirmed through skin tests and RAST studies.

Key word: blow flies

195. Ellis, R.V., and Ahrens, H.G. Hypersensitiveness to air borne bee allergen. Journal of Allergy, 1932, 3, 247-252.

Species: Apis mellifera Linnaeus.

Country: USA.

Note: Two cases, both bee keepers, one of whom was desensitised. The patients responded to objects which had been in contact with bees.

196. El Okbi, L.M., Morsy, T.A., El-Shayeb, F.A., Salama, M.M.A., and Abou Gamrah, M.M. Fleas as an allergen in Egyptian patients. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 1991, 21, 641-655.

Species: 1. Pulex irritans Linnaeus.

2. Xenopsylla cheopis Rothschild.

Country: Egypt.

Note: Ten percent of 60 asthmatic patients showed positive skin tests to extracts of the head and salivary glands and of the abdomen of fleas.

197. Eriksson, N.E., Petersson, I., Vedal, S., Högstedt, B., Belin, L. and Johansson, S.G.O. Allergy among farmers. Abstracts of the annual meeting of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, 1985, p. 199.

Country: Sweden.

Note: In a survey of farmers with symptoms of allergic disease positive RAST and skin prick tests were obtained to ‘chironomids’ and ‘Nimitti midge’.

198. Eriksson, N.E., Ryden, B., and Jonsson, P. Hypersensitivity to larvae of chironomids (non-biting midges). Cross sensitization with crustaceans. Allergy, 1989, 44, 305-313.

Species: Chironomus spp. [Diptera]

Country: Sweden.

Note: Positive skin tests to an extract of chironomid larvae were obtained from 14% of 2368 consecutive patients with asthma and/or rhinitis. Positive provocation tests were obtained from 15 of 31 people with a positive skin test to the extract. The results of skin tests showed positive correlations between chironomids and several crustaceans and RAST inhibition assays showed cross-reactivity between chironomids and shrimp. The authors suggest that chironomids may be of clinical importance in asthma and rhinitis in Sweden.

199. Eriksson, N.E., Vedal, S., and Belin, L. Röda mygglarver utlöste IgE-förmedlad allergi hos akvarieägare. [Red midge larvae caused IgE-mediated allergy in aquarium owners]. Läkartidningen, 1984, 81, 3951, 3953.

Species: Chironomus sp. [Diptera]

Country: Sweden.

Note: Four aquarium owners developed allergic symptoms through the respiratory system after feeding their fishes with ‘red midge larvae’ which were purchased deep frozen but not dried. The diagnoses were confirmed with skin tests, RAST, and provocation tests. Of 425 consecutive patients screened 70 gave a positive prick-test to a midge extract and of these 12 had a reaction to the midge extract only.

200. Escobar, M.A., Lehrer, S.B., McCants, M.L., Wolfe, M.A., Reyes, M., and O’Neil, C.E. Comparison of prevalences of cockroach sensitivity in subjects from Cali, Colombia and New Orleans. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1992, 89, 314-314.

Species: [not identified]

Countries: Colombia and USA.

Note: In Cali, 39 randomly selected subjects, and in New Orleans, 95 subjects selected on the basis of general respiratory symptoms, were given skin tests with common inhalant allergens. Twelve subjects in Cali and 53 in New Orleans gave positive tests to cockroach allergens. [abstract of conference presentation]

201. Etkind, P.H., ODell, T.M., Canada, A.T., Shama, S.K, Finn, A.M., and Tuthill, R. The gypsy moth caterpillar: a significant new occupational and public health problem. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 1982, 24, 659-662.

Species: Lymantria dispar (Linnaeus).

Country: USA.

Note: Of seventeen workers in a laboratory where research on the moth was being performed ten reported allergic reactions associated with the moth. Two persons complained of respiratory symptoms.

202. Evans, W.A. Peryglon locustiaid. Rhagofalon arbennig y dylid eu hystyried wrth ddefnyddio locustiaid fel cymhorthau dysgu. [The danger of locusts. Special precautions which should be considered when using locusts as teaching aids]. Y Gwyddonydd, 1973, 11, 90-93.

Species: 1. Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål).

2. Locusta migratoria migratorioides (Reiche and Fairmaire).

Country: UK

Note: Locusts had become popular as laboratory animals in school science programmes. This article warns teachers of locust allergy and describes precautions which should be taken when rearing locusts in the school.

203. Fadel, R., Choolum, M., and Leynadier, F. Prevalence of house dust mites (HDM) and cockroaches (CR) allergy in tropical island of Mauritius. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1992, 89, 312-312.

Species: Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

Country: Mauritius.

Note: Skin tests and RAST were conducted to determine the degree of sensitisation to house dust and to cockroach allergens. Of the 92 patients, 53 gave positive skin tests to house dust and 50 to cockroach allergens. Twenty did not respond to either. [abstract of conference presentation]

204. Farid, M.A. The Aswan high dam development project. in ‘Man-made lakes and human health’. London, Academic Press, 1975. pp. 89-102.

Species: [Chironomidae]

Country: Sudan and Egypt.

Note: States that allergic manifestations due to chironomids exists as a health problem in Khartoum and there is a possibility that the new dam [completed 1971] may cause similar problems near it.

205. Fasani, F., Pavesi, F., and Corsico, R. Le allergopatie nell’ambiente rurale. [The allergic conditions of the rural environment]. Folia Allergologica, 1973, 20, 28-55.

Note: In a list of the principal allergens present in the agricultural environment various insects are included as giving rise to respiratory symptoms.

206. Feinberg, A.R., Feinberg, S.M., and Benaim-Pinto, C. The importance of insect antigens in respiratory allergy. Journal of Allergy, 1956, 27, 88-88.

Species: [not identified]

Country: USA.

Note: An abstract of a paper presented to a meeting. ‘We have reason to suspect that allergy to insect allergens is much more widespread than customarily believed.’

207. Feinberg, A.R., Feinberg, S.M., and Benaim-Pinto, C. Asthma and rhinitis from insect allergens. I. Clinical importance. Journal of Allergy, 1956, 27, 437-444.

Species: 1. Mayfly. [not further identified]

2. Bombyx mori (Linnaeus). [pupa and cocoon]

3. Grasshopper. [not further identified]

4. Ant eggs.

5. House fly [Musca domestica Linnaeus].

6. Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus).

7. Honey bee [Apis mellifera Linnaeus].

8. Mediterranean fruit fly [Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann)].

9. Melon fly [Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillett].

Country: USA.

Note: One hundred and thirty patients gave positive scratch tests to insects. Successful desensitisation was achieved with some of the patients.

208. Feinberg, S.M., Feinberg, A.R., and Prozansky [sic], J.J. Insect allergy. III^e Congrès International d’Allergologie, Paris, 1958, Résumé des Rapports. p. C18.

Note: An abstract of a paper in which evidence was presented to show ‘…that disintegrated substances from insects, in the soil and vegetation, constitute an antigenic dust, producing numerous cases of asthma and hay fever’.

209. Feinberg, S.M., Feinberg, A.R., and Pruzansky, J.J. Insect allergy a common cause of hay fever and asthma. in ‘Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress of Allergologie’, Paris, 1958. pp. 292-301.

Species: 1. Acheta domesticus (Linnaeus).

2. Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

3. Phormia regina (Meigen).

4. Bombyx mori (Linnaeus).

Country: USA.

Note: ‘Our experience indicates that disintegrated substance of insects in the soil and vegetation constitutes an antigenic dust producing numerous cases of asthma and hay fever.’ They report studies on 400 patients and many insects which are not named to species. Immunological studies were conducted on extracts of mayflies and of the four named species.

210. Feldman, N.H., Rao, Y.A.K., Chiaramonte, L., Schneider, A., and Silverman, B. Cockroach allergy in Brooklyn, New York. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1991, 87, 322-322.

Species: [not identified]

Country: USA.

Note: A survey of the incidence of sensitivity to cockroach allergens in 62 atopic patients with asthma or allergic rhinitis. [abstract of conference presentation]

Key word: cockroaches

211. Fife, D., Twarog, F.J, and Geha, R.S. Evaluation of clinical data in childhood asthma. Application of a computer file system. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 1983, 137, 945-948.

Country: USA.

Note: The authors looked for a correlation between severity of asthma and exposures to pets and forced hot air but could find none. They concluded that more complete environmental data are necessary and that data on household pests (including cockroaches) should be included.

212. Figley, K.D. Asthma due to the mayfly. American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 1929, 178, 338-345.

Species: [not identified]

Country: USA.

Note: Used skin tests and exposure records as diagnostic aids. Some patients were desensitised.

213. Figley, K.D. May fly (Ephemerida) hypersensitivity. Journal of Allergy, 1940, 11, 376-387.

Species: [not identified]

Country: USA.

Note: Reports on three case histories. Among patients, 7.4% gave positive responses to mayfly extracts. In the discussion there was mention of allergies developing among workers in power plants to ‘river flies’, said to be mayflies.

214. Fink, J.N., and Sosman, A.J. Allergic lung diseases not mediated by IgE. Medical Clinics of North America, 1974, 58, 157-163.

Species: Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus).

Note: Includes a reference to ‘inhalation…of parts of insects such as grain weevils’ as a cause of hypersensitivity pneumonitis.

215. Folesky, H. Allergische Erkrankungen bei Imkern. [Allergic diseases in beekeepers]. Deutsche Gesundheitswesen, 1967, 22, 899-903.

Species: Apis mellifera Linnaeus.

Country: Germany.

Note: Deals with allergy to bee stings and to exposure to other bee materials, e.g., wax, honey, propolis, bee epidermis. There is also mention of ‘inhalation of hive air’ as a cause of allergy.

216. Folgert, J., Warpinski, J.R., and Bush, R.K. Occupational sensitivity to blowfly (Phormia regina Meiger). [sic] Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1989, 83, 173-173.

Species: 1. Phormia regina Meigen.

2. Manduca sexta (Linnaeus).

3. Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer).

Country: USA.

Note: An entomologist developed cough, wheezing, and dyspnoea while working with the first two species. RAST and electrophoretic studies showed the sensitivity was only to the blowflies. [abstract of conference presentation]

217. Forck, G., Kalveram, K.-J., and Kalveram, C. Sensitization to the antigens of bee body. in ‘Proceedings of the 10th international congress of allergology’. Oxford, Pergamon, 1980. p. 734.

Species: Apis mellifera Linnaeus.

Country: Germany.

Note: A study on beekeepers who showed symptoms suggesting sensitivities to bee body antigens. RAST investigations showed that some had no detectable IgE antibodies against bee venom but did have high levels against whole bee body components. Beekeepers who had just entered this occupation showed antibodies against both bee venom and whole bee body antigens. [abstract]

218. Ford, A.W., and Platts-Mills, T.A.E. Standardized extracts, dust mite, and other arthropods (inhalants).
Clinical Reviews in Allergy, 1987, 5, 49-73.

Note: This review is predominantly concerned with house mites. It is noted that insects can contribute to house dust but that insects are mainly recognised as causes of occupational allergies. Chironomids have produced allergies in areas adjacent to water and cockroaches are a well established cause of allergies in domestic situations.

219. Forschbach, G. Organische Staublungen. [Organic pneumoconioses]. Internist, 1974, 15, 379-385.

Species: Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus).

Note: Lists the granary weevil in a table of causes of extrinsic allergic alveolitis.

220. Forster, K.A. Über eine interessante Beobachtung bei Bienengift-Arbeiterinnen. [On an interesting observation in bee venom workers]. Archiv für Gewerbepathologie und Gewerbehygiene, 1937, 8, 117-119.

Species: Apis mellifera Linnaeus.

Country: Germany.

Note: A report on the occurrence of respiratory allergy among women who were employed in isolating bee venom. The allergen may have been associated with dried venom but the symptoms were also produced in sensitised workers on exposure to the bees themselves.

221. Foster, G.G., Whitten, M.J., Vogt, W.G., Woodburn, T.L., and Arnold, J.T. Larval release method for genetic control of the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 1978, 68, 75-83.

Note: Includes a reference to previous work on allergies to screwworm fly (Gibbons et al.) and the ‘carnaria’ of Mariani and Mariani.

222. Frankland, A.W. Locust sensitivity. Annals of Allergy, 1953, 11, 445-453.

Species: 1. Locusta migratoria (Linnaeus).

2. Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål).

Country: UK.

Note: A report on studies on workers from four laboratories where research on locusts was conducted. Several persons were found to have allergic conditions arising from sensitivity to locusts. Skin tests suggested that there is an antigenic similarity between locusts and cockroaches. This was the first significant account of locust allergy.

223. Frankland, A.W. Reaction to arthropods in man. in ‘Comparative physiology and pathology of the skin’. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1965. pp. 569-574.

Species: 1. Musca domestica Linnaeus.

2. Psychoda sp. [Diptera]

3. Locusta migratoria (Linnaeus).

4. Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål).

Note : The chapter is mostly about bites and stings. There is a paragraph on Insects as Inhalant Allergens. ‘Any insect…can cause inhalant allergy problems.’

224. Frankland, A.W. Sitophilus sensitivity as a cause of bakers’ asthma. Acta Allergologica, 1966, 21, 281-281.

Species: Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus).

Country: UK.

Note: An abstract. Reports that an investigation was conducted on two laboratory workers who became sensitised to the granary weevil. ‘It is suggested that the weevil faecal dust in flour is one of the causes of otherwise unexplained baker’s asthma.’

225. Frankland, A.W. Insect allergy. Clinical Allergy, 1975, 5, 236-237.

Species: [not identified]

Country: UK.

Note: A note which mentions locusts and cockroach faeces. ‘All insect matter whether saliva, insect scales, dried faecal matter or venom can cause allergic hazards.’

226. Frankland, A.W. Maggots causing allergic complaints in fishermen. in ‘The clinical aspects of allergic disease’. Proceedings of the third Charles Blackley symposium held at University of Nottingham, 1978. M.A.A.R.A. pp. 24-25.

Species: 1. Musca domestica Linnaeus.

2. Lucilia sp. [Diptera]

3. Calliphora sp. [Diptera]

Country: UK.

Note: An account of allergy among fishermen due to the use of maggots as bait. The symptoms among 32 patients included conjunctivitis, rhinitis, urticaria, and in 17 persons, asthma which usually occurred at night after fishing. Diagnosis was by skin tests. [abstract]

227. Frankland, A.W. Allergy to insects and arachnids. in ‘Allergy’. Chichester, Wiley, 1984. pp. 425-445.

Species: 1. Musca domestica Linnaeus.

2. Lucilia sp. [Diptera]

3. Calliphora sp. [Diptera]

4. Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus).

5. Leucophaea maderae (Fabricius).

6. Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

7. Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus).

8. Blatta orientalis Linnaeus.

9. Lepisma saccharina Linnaeus.

10. Trogoderma angustum Solier.

Note: This review has parts on stinging insects, inhalant insect allergy, biting insects, and skin lesions due to arthropods. The part on inhalant insect allergy surveys the allergic conditions associated with the different groups of insects and has sections on cockroach allergy and house dust and mites.

228. Frankland, A.W., and Lessof, M.H. Allergy, insects and arachnids. in ‘Immunological and clinical aspects of allergy’. Lancaster (UK), MTP Press, 1981. pp. 373-388.

Species: 1. Calliphora sp. [Diptera]

2. Lucilia sp. [Diptera]

3. Musca domestica Linnaeus.

Countries: UK, Sudan, Egypt.

Note: A review which covers allergies to insects and mites. Allergic reactions due to the stings of insects, the bites of insects, and the inhalation of dusts from insects and mites as well as reactions on the skin are discussed. The authors report on allergies amongst anglers to the maggots used as bait (most commonly those of the bluebottles, Calliphora sp.) and on some studies on the Nemeti fly which breeds in the Nile in Sudan and Egypt.

229. Frankland, A.W., and Lunn, J.A. Asthma caused by the grain weevil. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 1965, 22, 157-159.

Species: 1. Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus).

2. Sitophilus oryzae (Linnaeus).

3. Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky.

Country: UK.

Note: Two laboratory workers exposed to granary weevils became sensitised to them. Both workers gave positive skin responses to two other species of Sitophilus and one also to some brands of flour. It is suggested that the flours were contaminated with weevil dust.

230. Fraser, B.N. Cockroaches in relation to bronchial asthma in the Durban area. South African Medical Journal, 1979, 55, 637-638.

Species: Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

Country: South Africa.

Note: ‘Although the house-dust mite was found to be the main offender, 9 of the 30 patients showed a significant reaction to cockroach antigen. It is felt that cockroaches play a role in the pathogenesis of asthma in the Durban area…’

231. Frazier, C.A. ‘Insect Allergy—allergic and toxic reactions to insects and other arthropods’. St. Louis, USA, W.H. Green, 1969. pp. 393-411.

Note: Chapter 8 has a review of insect caused inhalant allergies. There is included life histories of mayflies, caddisflies, and aphids and 4 case histories of sensitivity to mayfly, caddisfly, and screwworm (2). There are sections on diagnosis and therapy.

232. Frazier, C.A. Allergic responses to biting and stinging insects. Journal of Asthma Research, 1972, 10, 3-35.

Note: This review has a part (pp. 27-29) on insects as inhalant allergens which contains brief descriptions of mayflies, caddisflies, and aphids and a short section on the diagnosis and treatment of inhalant allergies.

233. Frazier, C.A. and Brown, F.K. ‘Insects and allergy and what to do about them’. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1980. pp. 217-226.

Note: Chapter 21 is entitled ‘Insects Inhaled and Ingested’. An account of allergy to mayflies and to caddisflies with mention of aphids and cockroaches as sources of inhalant allergens. Cockroaches are also considered as a cause of ingestant allergy.

234. Freeman, P. A species of chironomid (Diptera) from the Sudan suspected of causing asthma. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London, Series B, 1950, 19, 58-59.

Species: Cladotanytarsus lewisi (Freeman). [=Tanytarsus (Cladotanytarsus) lewisi of paper]

Note: The taxonomic description of the species which formed 90% of a sample of chironomids ‘which are suspected of causing a form of asthma amongst the natives’.

235. Freeman, P. Chironomidae ("Non-biting midges"). in ‘Insects and other arthropods of medical importance’. London, British Museum (Natural History), 1973. pp. 189-191.

Species: [not indicated]

Note: A brief mention that the flies have caused allergy problems.

236. Fréour, P., Mallet, J.-R., Panconi, J.-N., Enjalbert, M., Tessier, J.-F., and Maiza, T. Asthme a précipitines aux lépidoptères (Eudémis). Un cas professionnel chez un entomologiste. [Lepidopteran (Eudemis) precipitin asthma. A professional case with an entomologist]. Bordeaux Médical, 1977, 10, 1371-1375.

Species: Lobesia botrana (Denis and Schiffermüller).

Country: France.

Note: An example of occupational asthma in a man who had worked for some years with this moth. The diagnosis was made from the results of skin tests and inhalation tests and from the presence of specific serum precipitins.

237. Frimat, P., Furon, D., and Cantineau, A. Les asthmes professionnels. Essai de classification. [Occupational asthmas. Attempt at classification]. Archives des Maladies Professionnelles, de Médecine du Travail et de Sécurité Sociale, 1979, 40, 873-875.

Species: 1. Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus).

2. Ephestia sp. [Lepidoptera]

Note: The two species are included as sources of allergens in flours and in cereals. And insects are listed as sources of allergens in asthmas due to animal products.

238. Fromer, J.M., Anderson, J.A., Yanari, S., and Bailey, J.A. Cockroach sensitivity among children: exposure history, skin test and IgE-radioallergosorbent test (RAST) reactivity. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1980, 65, 203-203.

Country: USA.

Note: An abstract of a report on a study of groups of children in Detroit which found that the prevalence of positive skin tests to cockroach was about the same as those to house dust and mite. There were significant correlations between insect exposure and both skin test reactions and positive RAST.

239. Frugoni, C., and Ancona, G. ‘L’asma bronchiale’. [Bronchial asthma]. Torino, Unione Tipogr. Editrice Torinese, 1927.

Species: 1. Nemapogon granella (Linnaeus).

2. Pyemotes ventricosus (Newport). [Acari]

Country: Italy.

Note: [not seen but see G. Ancona, Il Policlinico, 1923, 30, 45-70]

240. Fruhmann, G. Berufsasthma. Neuere Erkenntnisse über beruflich bedingte obstruktive Atemwegerkrankungen. [Occupational asthma. New findings on work related obstructive respiratory diseases]. Münchener Medizinische Wochenschrift, 1981, 123, 299-303.

Note: Includes an account of the findings on allergy to chironomid larvae used as fish food, the identification of the allergens as the haemoglobins, and the location of allergenic determinants within the protein molecules. [look up Baur]

241. Fruhmann, G. Beruflich bedingtes Asthma bronchiale. [Occupational bronchial asthma]. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenshrift, 1989, 114, 306-311.

Note: This review surveys the agents known to cause bronchial asthma among workers. The exposure to dried chironomid larvae in fish food is discussed and several other types of insects appear in a list of allergy-inducing substances.The diagnosis, therapy, and prevention of occupational asthma are discussed.

242. Fruhmann, G., and Specht, H. Byssinose und seltenere Hypersensitivitäts-Pneumonitiden. [Byssinosis and unusual hypersenitivity pneumonitis]. Internist, 1974, 15, 412-421.

Species: Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus).

Country: Germany.

Note: Describe a case of ‘Kornkäferlunge’ in a 66 year old former farmer who had managed for 12 years a poultry farm. The patient responded favourably to treatment.

243. Fuchs, E. Krankheiten durch Parasiten- und Insektenallergene. [Illnesses owing to parasite and insect allergens]. in ‘Lehrbuch der klinischen Allergie’. Stuttgart, G.Thieme, 1967. pp. 420-441.

Species: 1. Locusta migratoria (Linnaeus).

2. Blatta orientalis Linnaeus.

Note: In the section on arthropods the author reports in detail on his study of allergy to Locusta as an example of inhalant allergy caused by insect dust (pp. 434-437).

244. Fuchs, E. ‘Asthma bronchiale in der Gewerbemedizin’. [Bronchial asthma in industrial medicine]. (Arbeitsmedizin, Sozialmedizin, Praeventivmedizin. Schriftenreihe. Bd. 54). Stuttgart, Gentner, 1973.

Note: [not seen]

245. Fuchs, E. Insects as inhalant allergens. Allergologia et Immunopathologia, 1979, 7, 227-230.

Species: 1. Locusta migratoria (Linnaeus).

2. Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål).

3. Blatta orientalis Linnaeus.

4. Bombyx mori (Linnaeus).

5. Melanoplus bivittatus (Say).

6. Gryllus assimilis (Fabricius). [=Acheta assimilis of paper]

7. Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus).

8. Manduca quinquemaculata (Haworth). [=Phlegathontius quinquemaculata of paper]

Note: A review of insects as inhalant allergens. Describes the high potency of locusts as sensitisers and the importance of mites in house dust allergy. Recommends that allergy analysis should be extended to include insect allergens especially in unclarified cases of perennial and seasonal bronchial asthma.

246. Fuchs, E. Insect dust as inhalant allergen. Umwelt Bundesamt, Berichte, 1980, 79, 316-320.

Note: A lecture which was based on the paper published in Allergologia et Immunopathologia, 1979, 7, 227-230.

247. Fuchs, E. Gewerbliche Allergene als Ursache obstruktiver Lungenerkrankungen. Früherkennung und Abklärung. [Occupational allergens as cause of obstructive lung diseases. Early diagnosis and management]. Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift, 1982, 12, 185-192.

Note: In this review the occupational allergens considered include insect dust, house crickets, chironomid larvae, and carmine. The author includes crickets in a table of occupational allergies confirmed by RAST. In a table entitled ‘Occupational allergens and "sensitization index"’ insect allergens are listed as producing about 50% sensitisation. Both of the references cited for this entry are concerned with occupational exposures to locusts.

248. Fuchs, E. Insect dust as inhalant allergen. Respiration, 1984, 16. (Third Congress of the European Society of Pneumology, Basel, 1984, Abstracts)

Species: Gibbium psylloides (Czenpinski).

Note: Allergens of insect dust are important for occasional, seasonal, and perennial allergic disorders. These allergies follow mainly the type I pattern of immunological reactions. In addition to well recognised sources of insect allergens such as locusts, high allergen activities have been shown for silverfish, booklice, and the smooth spider beetle.

249. Fuchs, E. Inhalative allergens. in ‘Advances in aerobiology’. (Experientia Supplementum, Vol. 51), Basel, Birkhäuser, 1987. pp. 71-79.

Species: 1. Chironomus riparius Meigen. [=Chironomus thummi of paper]

2. Dactylopius coccus Costa. [=Coccus cactus of paper]

3. Acheta domesticus (Linnaeus).

Note: The author discusses reports of inhalant allergens identified in the ‘last few years’. Under the heading of ‘Animal allergens’ he lists crickets, midges (chironomids), mite beetle, and silverfish, as well as the insect products, carmine and silk. Lions and elephants complete the list.

250. Fuchs, E., Bossert, J., Honomichl, K., Maasch, H.J., Risler, H., and Wahl, R. Gibbium psylloides (mite beetle) as an inhalative allergen. in ‘Advances in aerobiology’. (Experientia Supplementum, Vol. 51), Basel, Birkhäuser, 1987. pp. 183-187.

Species: Gibbium psylloides (Czenpinski).

Country: Germany.

Note: A case of allergy to a beetle which occurred in large numbers in a house. Prick and intracutaneous tests, a rub test, bronchial provocation tests, Prausnitz-Küstner assays, and RAST were conducted to confirm the diagnosis. [see J. Bossert et al., Allergologie, 1983, 6, 255-259]

251. Fuchs, E., and Gronemeyer, W. Berufsbedingte Insekten-Allergie (Locusta migratoria). [Occupational insect allergy]. in ‘Occupational allergy, supplement’, Leiden, H.E. Stenfert Kroese N.V., 1959, pp. 52-57.

Species: 1. Locusta migratoria (Linnaeus).

2. Blatta orientalis Linnaeus.

3. Acheta domesticus (Linnaeus). [=Gryllus domesticus of paper]

Country: Germany.

Note: Being a lecture given during a course on occupational allergy at The Hague in May 1958. Reports on studies amongst laboratory workers in Germany. Very high sensitivities were found to locust extracts with positive skin responses to dilutions of 10^-9. Cockroach extracts also gave positive results but at a lower level (10^-6). The worker most sensitive to locusts had attacks of asthma induced by cockroaches and crickets as well.

252. Fuchs, T., and Kleinhans, D. Fischfutter-Allergie: Sensibilisierung gegen Chironomiden-Larven (Zuckmückenlarven). Kasuistik. [Fishfood allergy: sensitivity to larvae of chironomids. Case history]. Allergologie, 1982, 5, 81-82.

Country: Germany.

Note: A trainee technician whose work entailed feeding fish reacted with acute rhinitis and conjunctivitis when she was exposed to fish food which contained chironomid larvae. The sensitivity developed after about six months exposure.

253. Furon, D., Cantineau, A., and Frimat, P. Asthma, occupational. in ‘Encyclopaedia of occupational health and safety’, third edition. Geneva, International Labour Office, 1983. pp. 201-204.

Species: 1. Sitophilus sp. [Coleoptera]

2. Ephestia sp. [Lepidoptera]

3. Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say).

Note: Insects are mentioned as causing asthma through exposure to the insects themselves or to insect debris and to pests of flour and cereals. A table of known agents of occupational asthma includes cockroaches, Colorado beetles, and locusts, as well as arthropods, laboratory animals, and mites. The article deals with the physiopathology, clinical aspects, diagnosis, and classification of occupational asthmas and safety and health measures.

254. Gad El Rab, M.O., and Kay, A.B. Widespread immunoglobulin E-mediated hypersensitivity in the Sudan to the green nimitti midge, Cladotanytarsus lewisi (Diptera: Chironomidae): I. Diagnosis by radioallergosorbent test. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1980, 66, 190-197.

Species: Cladotanytarsus lewisi (Freeman).

Country: Sudan.

Note: A radioallergosorbent test was developed for the diagnosis of hypersensitivity to the midge. The RAST appears to be specific and of diagnostic value.

255. Gad El Rab, M.O., Thatcher, D.R., and Kay, A.B. Widespread IgE-mediated hypersensitivity in the Sudan to the green nimitti midge, Cladotanytarsus lewisi (Diptera: Chironomidae): II. Identification of a major allergen. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 1980, 41, 389-396.

Species: Cladotanytarsus lewisi (Freeman).

Country: Sudan.

Note: A major allergen was isolated from an aqueous extract of the midge. It is an acidic glycoprotein of molecular weight 15 000-20 000.

256. Gaillard, G.E. The aphid—an insect allergen. Journal of Allergy, 1950, 21, 386-399.

Species: [not indicated]

Country: USA.

Note: Of 121 patients 75 gave positive reactions to skin tests with aphid extracts. Passive transfer tests indicated the presence of a transferable skin-sensitising antibody.

257. Garfield, E. The cockroach connection ancient—seemingly indestructible pest. Part I. Morphology, behavior, and the relationship to allergies and disease. Current Contents, 1990, 45, 5-10.

Species: ‘cockroaches’

Country: USA.

Note: An essay on cockroaches in which their role as a cause of allergies is discussed.

258. Gaudier, B., and Lelong, M. L’allergie aux insectes chez l’enfant asthmatique dans le Nord de la France. [Allergy to insects in asthmatic children in the north of France]. Lille Médical, 1965, 10, 849-851.

Species: [not identified]

Country: France.

Note: Found only a low incidence (3.8%) of positive skin tests to extracts of ‘household’ and ‘stinging’ insects supplied by Hollister-Stier.

259. Gaudier, B., and Lelong, M. Place de l’allergie aux insectes dans l’asthme de l’enfant. [The place of allergy to insects in asthma in children]. Pediatrie, 1966, 21, 659-662.

Species: [not indentified]

Country: France.

Note: Used Hollister-Stier extracts—‘household insects’ and ‘stinging insects’. Intradermal testing gave very low response (3.8%) among 700 asthmatic children aged 1-15 years.

260. Gaudin, L.B., Lehrer, S.B., Horner, W.E., and Lopez, M. Bronchoprovocation studies with German cockroach (Blattella germanica) fecal extract in atopic asthmatics. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1993, 91, 358-358.

Species: Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

Country: USA.

Note: Four of five subjects with positive skin tests to an extract of the faeces of German cockroaches gave a significant immediate decrease in FEV₁ after bronchial challenge with the extract. No late phase responses were seen. [abstract of conference presentation]

261. Gaur, S.N., Kapoor, M., Garg, G.C., and Agarwal, M.K. Etiologic significance of insects in nasobronchial allergy. Aspects of Allergy and Applied Immunology, 1985, 18, 19-27.

Note: [Not seen: referred to in Agarwal et al., Annals of Allergy, 1991, 657, 598-602]

262. Gelber, L.E., Seltzer, L.H., Bouzoukis, J.K., Pollart, S.M., Chapman, M.D., and Platts-Mills, T.A.E. Sensitization and exposure to indoor allergens as risk factors for asthma among patients presenting to hospital. American Review of Respiratory Diseases, 1993, 147, 573-578.

Species: 1. Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

2. Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus).

3. Blatta orientalis Linnaeus.

Country: USA.

Note: An epidemiological study conducted on patients (with and without asthma) who attended an emergency room in Wilmington, Delaware, USA. Levels of IgE antibodies specific to dust mites, cats, mixed cockroaches, and ragweed and rye grass pollens were measured. Levels of allergens (Der f I, Der p I, Fel d I, and Bla g II) present in dust collected from patients’ houses were also measured. There was an inverse relationship between cat and cockroach allergen levels in the dust samples. The results demonstrated that many of the patients were both sensitised to and had exposure to a relevant allergen in their homes.

263. Gelber, L., Seltzer, L., Pollart, S., Chapman, M., and Platts-Mills, T. Specific IgE ab and exposure to cat and cockroach allergens as risk factors for acute asthma. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1991, 87, 233-233.

Species: Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

Country: USA.

Note: A preliminary report of the results presented in the article in American Review of Respiratory Disease, 1993, 147, 573-578.

264. Gervais, P., Diamant-Berger, O., and Rabaud, A. Guide pratique de l’asthme professionnel, [Practical guide to occupational asthma]. Paris, Centres d’Explorations Fonctionelles de l’hôpital Fernand Widal et de la Fondation A. de Rothschild, [1979], pp. 9-10, 13.

Species: [‘criquet migrateurs, lyctus de chêne, doryphores, papillons, hymenoptères, phryganes, mouches, blattes’]

Country: France.

Note: A guide to 37 agents or groups of agents known to be the cause of occupational asthma. For each item are listed the professions exposed to risk, the symptoms, the incidence of disease, the agent responsible, the existence of any predisposing factors, the mechanism, methods of diagnosis, therapeutic possibilities, and some references. Insects are included under bakers’ asthma and under asthma due to certain arthropods among researchers in contact with them. An estimate of 10-15% is given for the incidence of disease in the latter category.

265. Giacomin, C. Allergia ambientale: la sensibilizzazione IgE mediata ai chironomidi. [Environmental allergy: IgE mediated sensitisation to chironomids] Thesis, Università degli Studi di Padova. 1992

Species: 1. Chironomus salinarius Kieffer.

2. Chironomus crassicaudatus Malloch.

3. Glyptotendipes paripes (Edwards).

4. Chironomus riparius (Meigen) [=Chironomus thummi thummi of thesis].

Country: Italy.

Note: A report on the results of skin tests and RAST on 186 pediatric patients with respiratory symptoms who lived beside the Venice lagoon. Positive skin tests were observed in eleven subjects and positive RAST in three.

266. Giacomin, C., and Tassi, G.C. Hypersensitivity to chironomid Chironomus salinarius (non-biting midge living in the lagoon of Venice) in a child with serious skin and respiratory symptoms. Bolletino dell’Istituto Sieroterapico Milanese, 1988, 67, 72-76.

Species: Chironomus salinarius Kieffer.

Country: Italy.

Note: A ten-year-old boy was diagnosed by skin tests and antibody assays as allergic to this species of chironomid, swarms of which became prevalent in the Venice lagoon only a few years previously.

Key word: chironomids

267. Gibbons, H.L., Dille, J.R., and Cowley, R.G. Inhalant allergy to the screwworm fly, preliminary report. Archives of Environmental Health, 1965, 10, 424-430.

Species: Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel).

Country: USA.

Note: A survey of the problem using a questionnaire, interviews, and skin tests. There was a 70% incidence of allergy symptoms in flight crew members who are involved in the distribution of sterile flies.

268. Gillilland, J.L. Mushroom worker’s lung: report of a case. Journal of the American Osteopathic Association, 1980, 79, 411-414.

Species: Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus).

Country: USA.

Note: Used granary weevil antigen as part of a ‘farmer’s lung test battery’. There was no other mention of insects.

269. Golbert, T.M., and Patterson, R. Pulmonary allergic aspergillosis. Annals of Internal Medicine, 1970, 72, 395-403.

Species: Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus).

Note: ‘Infiltrative pulmonary diseases associated with inhalant allergens include…lung disease associated with the grain weevil Sitophilus granarius…’

270. Gold, B.L., Mathews, K.P., and Burge, H.A. Occupational asthma caused by sewer flies. American Review of Respiratory Disease, 1985, 131, 949-952.

Species: 1. Psychoda alternata Say.

2. Galleria mellonella (Linnaeus).

3. Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

Country: USA.

Note: Evidence that a worker at a sewage plant was allergic to moth flies was obtained from skin tests, Prausnitz-Küstner tests, in vitro leukocyte histamine release, ELISA, and bronchial provocation challenge. This worker had previously been diagnosed as allergic to wax moths (Stevenson and Mathews, Journal of Allergy, 1967, 39, 274-283). In addition positive skin tests were obtained with extracts of some other Diptera: deer fly (Tabanidae), black fly (Simuliidae), and mosquito (Culicidae), and also to cockroach. Negative skin test results were obtained to extracts of ‘green nimitti’ midge (Chironomidae), mayfly, caddisfly, mites, housedust, and ragweed.

271. Goldstein, I.F., Reed, C.E., Swanson, M.C., and Jacobson, J.S. Aeroallergens in New York inner-city apartments of asthmatics. in ‘Advances in aerobiology’. (Experientia Supplementum Vol. 51), Basel, Birkhäuser, 1987. pp. 133-138.

Country: USA.

Note: The air in apartments was monitored for the aeroallergens—cockroach, mouse and cat urine, house dust mite, Alternaria, and cat antigen. All 20 of the New York City apartments had very high levels of cockroach antigen even when there was no sign of infestation. Cockroach antigen was not detected in Rochester, Maine, and was present at much lower levels in New Orleans, Louisiana.

272. Gorham, J.R. Filth in foods: implications for health. Journal of Milk and Food Technology, 1975, 38, 409-418.

Species: 1. Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus).

2. Trogoderma spp. [Coleoptera]

3. Leucophaea maderae (Fabricius).

Note: In a section of the review dealing with food pests as direct agents in human disease insects are listed as sources of injectant, contactant, inhalant, and ingestant allergens.

273. Gorham, J.R. The significance for human health of insects in food. Annual Review of Entomology, 1979, 24, 209-224.

Country: USA.

Note: A review of the effects of insects on food. Allergies due to ingestion of insects are discussed and the existence of inhalant allergies is mentioned.

274. Grammer, L.C., and Paterson, R. Occupational immunologic lung disease. Annals of Allergy, 1987, 58, 151-156, 159.

Note: In this review it is noted that ‘Insect scale [?] exposure has been associated with asthma in numerous occupations: bait handlers, mushroom workers, insect control personnel, grainworkers, beekeepers, and poultry workers.’

275. Green, M. Small airways. in ‘Medicine 1977’. New York, Wiley, 1977. pp. 278-288.

Note: [not seen. Quote J. Lunn, British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 1967, 24, 158]

276. Gregg, I. Epidemiological research in asthma: the need for a broad perspective. Clinical Allergy, 1986, 16, 17-23.

Species: Cladotanytarsus lewisi (Freeman).

Country: Sudan.

Note: A comment that epidemiological evidence had provided confirmation of the aetiological role of hypersensitivity to the green nimitti midge.

277. Grisdale, D.G. A simple method for removing pupae from cocoons: Malacosoma disstria (Hbn.) and Orgyia spp. Canadian Forestry Service. Bimonthly research notes, 1975, 31, 9-9.

Species: 1. Malacosoma disstria Hübner.

2. Orgyia leucostigma (J.E. Smith).

3. Orgyia definita Packard.

4. Orgyia vetusta Boisduval.

Note: A report of allergy type problems among workers who extracted pupae from cocoons.

278. Grodhaus, G. Chironomid midges as a nuisance. II. The nature of the nuisance and remarks on its control. California Vector Views, 1963, 10, 27-37.

Species: [Chironomidae]

Country: USA.

Note: ‘It is suspected that the inhalation of chironomid fragments can cause allergic responses (Weil, 1940 and Lewis, 1956).’ The article is concerned with the pest status in Southern California.

279. Gronemeyer, W. Das gewerbliche Asthma. [Industrial asthma]. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift, 1958, 83, 30, 32-39.

Species: Locusta migratoria (Linnaeus).

Country: Germany.

Note: Reports his studies of the effect of locusts on laboratory workers as an example of an aggressive allergen. ‘[An unusually high degree of occupational sensitivity was discovered recently in a team working in a biological research laboratory].’

280. Gronemeyer, W., and Fuchs, E. Krankheiten durch inhalative Allergen-Invasion. [Illnesses owing to inhalative allergen invasion]. in ‘Lehrbuch der klinischen Allergie’. Stuttgart, G. Thieme, 1967. pp. 122-167.

Species: Locusta migratoria (Linnaeus).

Note: A review of allergic effects on the eyes and the respiratory system which are caused by the inhalation of allergens. Insect dust is mentioned as one of the sources of allergens in occupational allergies. There are sections on the diagnosis and the therapy of the various conditions.

281. Guerrier, G. Histoire de chasse…aux cafards. [Chronic rhinitis and cockroach allergy]. [the author’s English title]. Pédiatrie, 1988, 43, 607-608.

Species: Blattella germanica (Linnaeus). [=Blatta germanica of paper]

Country: France.

Note: A boy who caught cockroaches in his home to feed his fish suffered from chronic rhinitis and conjunctivitis. The diagnosis was made by skin tests and RAST. The symptoms disappeared after disinfestation and desensitisation therapy using an extract of a mixture of cockroaches. The author recommends that tests for cockroaches be used in the investigation of chronic rhinitis with conjunctivitis or asthma.

282. Gupta, S., Jain, S., Chaudhry, S., and Agarwal, M.K. Role of insects as inhalant allergens in bronchial asthma with special reference to the clinical characteristics of patients. Clinical and Experimental Allergy, 1990, 20, 519-524.

Species: 1. Musca domestica Linnaeus.

2. Sitophilus oryzae (Linnaeus).

3. Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius). [=Callosobrochous maculatus of paper]

4. Anopheles stephensi Liston.

5. Culex quinquefasciatus Say.

6. Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus).

7. Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

8. Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus).

9. Spodoptera litura (Fabricius).

10. Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner). [=Heliothis armigera of paper]

Country: India.

Note: Intradermal tests, bronchial provocation tests, and RAST were given to asthmatic patients and controls. ‘…our results have shown that insects play an important role as inhalant allergens in patients with bronchial asthma in India and that insect allergy has a significant bearing on clinical characteristics of these patients.’

283. Gutman, A.A. Allergens and other factors important in atopic disease. in ‘Allergic diseases, diagnosis and management.’ Second edition. Philadelphia and Toronto, Lippincott, 1980. pp. 100-147.

Species: 1. Periplaneta fuliginosa (Serville).

2. Liposcelis bostrychophilus Badonnel.

3. Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val.

Note: Insects as inhalant allergens are discussed under the heading ‘other important allergens’ [on p. 140]. The author notes that they ‘perhaps are more significant than hitherto suspected’. Insects are also mentioned in connection with epidemic allergy and in the section on house dust and dust mites which is contributed by T. Miyamoto.

284. Halpern, B.N. Srpska Academija Nauka, Beograd. Institut za Medicinskih Istrazivanja. Posebna Izdanja. Knj. 8 1957, p. 168. Symposium sur l’allergie, 1957.

Note: In discussion following a paper of Vallery-Radot and Wolfromm, Halpern mentioned that he had diagnosed two cases of sensitivity to the elytra of cockchafers.

285. Hamilton, R.G., Eggleston, P.A., Chapman, M., and Adkinson, N.F. Cockroach (Bla g I, Bla g II) allergen distribution in homes of asthmatic children. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1992, 89, 229-229.

Species: Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

Country: USA.

Note: House dust was collected from four locations in each of 79 homes of asthmatic children. Cockroach allergens were found in 30.1% of the samples. In those houses containing the allergens they were found throughout the house and of decreasing frequency in houses in the inner city, suburban, and rural areas. There was a significant relationship between the frequency of positive skin tests to cockroach allergens and the presence of the allergens in the home. [abstract of conference presentation]

286. ‘Handbook of insect rearing’. Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1985. (Editors: Pritam Singh and R.F. Moore)

Species: 1. Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel).

2. Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner.

3. Arphia conspersa Scudder.

4. Aspidiotus nerii Bouché.

5. Chilo suppressalis (Walker).

6. Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus).

7. Diabrotica balteata balteata LeConte.

8. Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber.

9. Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte.

10. Epiphyas postvittana (Walker).

11. Galleria mellonella (Linnaeus).

12. Grapholita molesta (Busck).

13. Helicoverpa punctigera Wallengren. [=Heliothis punctigera of book]

14. Heliothis virescens (Fabricius).

15. Hyalophora cecropia (Linnaeus).

16. Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria (Guenée).

17. Lymantria dispar (Linnaeus).

18. Malacosoma disstria Hübner.

19. Manduca sexta (Linnaeus).

20. Melanoplus bivittatus (Say).

21. Melanoplus differentialis (Thomas).

22. Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabricius).

23. Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDunnough).

24. Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner).

25. Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller).

26. Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål).

27. Spodoptera eridania (Cramer).

28. Trichoplusia ni (Hübner).

29. Trogoderma spp. [Coleoptera]

Note: In this work, which is in two volumes, there are general articles, one of which treats respiratory hazards associated with the rearing of insects (by W.W. Wolf, which see), and chapters on particular insects in which are presented rearing techniques and procedures. Each of the species listed above is identified as a source of allergic reactions, as presenting a possible respiratory hazard, or as being a potential health hazard.

287. Hansen, K. Bronchialasthma (Bronchiolenasthma) und verwandte Störungen. [Bronchial asthma (Bronchiolar asthma) and related disorders]. in ‘Allergie’. Stuttgart, G. Thieme, 1957. pp. 486-531.

Note: In a section (pp. 509-510) on occupational asthma due to inhalant allergens includes small insects as possibly being involved in allergy to hair, mentions beekeeper’s asthma due to parts of bees, and includes butterflies and insects as causes of asthma in scientific workers.

288. Hansen, K. Occupational and industrial asthma. in ‘European Academy of Allergy. Occupational allergy’. Springfield, Illinois, Charles C. Thomas, 1958. pp. 29-34.

Note: Mentions as sources of allergens ‘all parts of the bees’ bodies’ and ‘components from the bodies and excreta of animals and plants…’ There is specific mention of sensitisation to ‘grasshoppers’, ‘cockroaches’, and ‘butterflies’ [silkworm moths].

289. Harfi, H.A. Immediate hypersensitivity to crickets. Annals of Allergy, 1980, 44, 162-163.

Species: [not given]

Country: USA.

Note: The diagnosis of the condition which resulted from non-occupational exposure was made using skin, conjunctival, bronchial challenge, and histamine release tests.

290. Hargreave, F.E. Extrinsic allergic alveolitis. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 1973, 108, 1150-1154.

Species: Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus).

Note: Includes the granary weevil in a table of diseases and sources of allergens. There is no other mention.

291. Harries, M.G., Burge, P.S., and O’Brien, I.M. Occupational type bronchial provocation tests: testing with soluble antigens by inhalation. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 1980, 37, 248-252.

Species: Dactylopius coccus Costa. [=Coccus cactus of paper]

Country: UK.

Note: Of 37 patients with asthma or alveolitis thought to result from exposure at their work and who were tested with an aerosol of the suspected allergen 24 gave a positive response. The cochineal insect is listed as producing a positive response in the one patient thought to be sensitive to it. (see P.S. Burge et al., Clinical Allergy, 1979, 9, 185-189).

292. Harris, D.J., Ledoux, R.A., Sladek, W.A., Henry, A.R., Zungoli, P., Dantzler, B.S., Vaughan, T.R., Weber, R.W., and Goodman, D.L. Cross-reactivity of five cockroach (CR) species. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1992, 89, 318-318.

Species: 1. Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

2. Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus).

3. Blatta orientalis Linnaeus.

4. Supella longipalpa (Fabricius).

5. Periplaneta fuliginosa (Serville).

Country: USA.

Note: Extracts of the five species were compared using SDS-PAGE, ELISA inhibition, and human IgE immunoblots. They were each compared by skin tests with a commercial cockroach allergen mixture. There appear to be marked differences in antigenic activity between these five species. The commercial mixture did not adequately identify all relevant allergens. [abstract of conference presentation]

293. Harris, L.H. Allergy to grain dusts. III. Its incidence and relationship to insect allergy. Annals of Allergy, 1960, 18, 543-547.

Country: USA.

Note: Scratch and intradermal tests were given with grain dusts and various insects. High levels of reactions to insect antigens were recorded in fifty grain dust sensitive patients.

294. Harwood, R.F., and James, M.T. ‘Entomology in human and animal health’. New York, Macmillan, 1979.

Note: Chapter 17 has a short section (pp. 418-422) in which inhalant allergens from insects are discussed. Sensitivities to cockroach and to house dust mite are considered in some detail.

295. Haux, E.H. Berufs allergien. [Occupational allergies]. Medizinische Laboratorium, 1975, 28, 235-237.

Country: Germany.

Note: One of three cases of occupational allergies which are discussed in this paper was in a young entomologist who developed ‘severe and continuous attacks of bronchial asthma’ after working with insects. The entomologist was forced to leave the profession.

296. Helbling, A., Peter, C., Berchtold, E., Bogdanov, S., and Müller, U. Allergy to honey: relation to pollen and honey bee allergy. Allergy, 1992, 47, 41-49.

Species: Apis mellifera Linnaeus.

Country: Switzerland.

Note: The sources of the allergens in honey were investigated by skin tests, RAST, and RAST inhibition studies. The major allergens in honey were identified as pollens of Compositae but honey bee components (including venom) were also important allergens. These results raise the possibility that a person could become sensitised to honey bee venom through their consumption of honey.

297. Hellreich, E. Evaluation of skin tests with insect extracts in various allergic diseases. Annals of Allergy, 1962, 20, 805-808.

Species: [Eight species of insects not identified to species]

Country: USA.

Note: Use 10 extracts to test 60 patients. Found ‘rather high number’ of positive responses in patients who had not been helped by conventional therapy. Suggested that at least some of these patients may benefit by treatment with the appropriate extract. ‘The excitants which reacted most frequently (and to the greatest degree) were cricket, housefly, cockroach, and ant.’

298. Helm, R.M., Bandele, E.O., Swanson, M.C., Campbell, A.R., and Wynn, S.R. Identification of a German cockroach-specific allergen by human IgE and rabbit IgG. International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology, 1988, 87, 230-238.

Species: Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

Country: USA.

Note: Identified and partially characterised the principal allergens in whole-body extracts of German cockroaches. Several techniques were used. The work identified an allergen with a pI of 6.7 and relative molecular mass of 36 000 Daltons that was not present in extracts of true armyworm, caddisfly, lakefly, yellow jacket, or honey bee.

299. Helm, R.M., Burks, A.W, Williams, L.W., and Brenner, R.J. Identification of major cockroach aeroallergens from living cultures of German or American cockroaches. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1991, 87, 189-189.

Species: 1. Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

2. Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus).

Country: USA.

Note: Material filtered from air above jars containing colonies of cockroaches was shown to contain allergens derived from the cockroaches. [abstract of conference presentation]

300. Helm, R.M., Burks, W., Williams, L.W., Milne, D.E., and Brenner, R.J. Identification of cockroach aeroallergens from living cultures of German and American cockroaches. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology, 1993, 101, 359-363.

Species: 1. Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus).

2. Blattella germancia (Linnaeus).

Country: USA.

Note: Air from above colonies of cockroaches was passed through filters for periods of 24 to 140 hours and the eluant processed to determine protein components. Components that bound IgE from cockroach sensitive subjects was present in samples collected from above both species.

301. Helm, R., Cockrell, G., Sharkey, P., Brenner, R., and Burks, A.W. In vitro translation of RNA from the German cockroach Blattella germanica. Molecular Immunology, 1993, 30, 1685-1688.

Species: Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

Note: An investigation towards the cloning of cockroach allergens.

302. Helm, R.M., Connaughton, C.A., Brenner, R.J., and Burks, A.W. Isolation of cockroach allergens using preparative SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1993, 91, 187-187.

Species: Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

Country: USA.

Note: Two distinct bands were isolated by gel electrophoresis. Sera from four of eleven cockroach sensitive people bound to the 45 kD allergen and seven of the eleven bound the 85 kD allergen. [abstract of conference presentation]

303. Helm, R.M., Sharkey, P., Burks, A.W. and Brenner, R.J., Identification of a translated protein that binds IgE from serum of cockroach-sensitive individuals using a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system and RNA from Blattella germanica. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1992, 89, 316-316.

Species: Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

Country: USA.

Note: The investigation resulted in a radio-labelled protein that bound to IgE. [abstract of conference presentation]

304. Helm, R.M., Squillace, D.L., Jones, R.T., and Brenner, R.J. Shared allergenic activity in Asian (Blattella asahinai), German (Blattella germanica), American (Periplaneta americana), and Oriental (Blatta orientalis) cockroach species. International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology, 1990, 92, 154-161.

Species: 1. Blattella asahinai Mizukubo.

2. Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

3. Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus).

4. Blatta orientalis Linnaeus.

Country: USA.

Note: Employed RAST inhibition, thin-layer isoelectric focussing, blotted radioisoelectric focussing, and gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting to study the allergens of the four species of cockroaches. The results showed that the Asian cockroach has more cross-reacting allergenic components with the German cockroach than it did with American or Oriental cockroaches.

305. Helm, R.M., Squillace, D.L., Kang, B., Lopez, M., and Brenner, R.J. Cross-reactivity of cockroach (CR) allergens: RAST inhibition and immunoblot analysis of Asian cockroach (ACR) (Blattella asahinai) and German cockroach (GCR) (Blattella germanica) extracts. International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology, 1988, 81, 269-269.

Species: 1. Blattella asahinai Mizukubo.

2. Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

Country: USA.

Note: The study demonstated that cross-reactivities between the two species existed and that there were both genus- and species-specific allergens present. [abstract of conference presentation]

306. Hendrick, D.J., Butcher, B.T., and Connolly, M.J. Occupational asthma due to allergens of organic origin. Clinics in Immunology and Allergy, 1984, 4, 37-54.

Note: The mechanisms involved in the development of asthma due to exposure to allergens of organic origin in the workplace and the tests which are employed for the diagnosis of occupational asthma are discussed. The review concentrates on three epidemiologically important sources of allergens: wood, cotton, and grain. A table of occupational organic allergens lists as sources of allergens: bees, cochineal insects, locusts, mites/weevils, and silkworms.

307. Hendrick, D.J., Davies, R.J., and Pepys, J. Bakers’ asthma. Clinical Allergy, 1976, 6, 241-250.

Species: Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus).

Note: The paper is concerned with two cases of allergy to flour. There is a reference to the existence of sensitivity to Sitophilus granarius, the work of Lunn and Hughes.

308. Hendrick, D.J., Jones, R.N., and Weill, H. Occupational lung disease in ‘Current pulmonology’ volume 3. New York, Wiley Medical, 1981. pp. 205-235.

Species: Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus).

Note: ‘Insect and arthropod debris’ is listed as an agent associated with occupational asthma but one that is not specifically occupational. The role of the granary weevil in alveolar disease in workers exposed to grain dust is discussed.

309. Henson, E.B. Aquatic insects as inhalant allergens: a review of the American literature. Ohio Journal of Science, 1966, 66, 529-532.

Species: 1. Tanytarsus sp. [Diptera]

2. Psychoda sp. [Diptera]

3. Cladotanytarsus lewisi (Freeman) [=Tanytarsus lewisi of paper].

Note: Reviews ‘the American literature concerning the matter of certain aquatic insects as causes of allergic distress. The effects of bites and stings are not included’.

310. Herrman, K., Hausen, B., Vieluf, D., and Ring, J. Acute exacerbation of atopic eczema due to allergy to bread beetle (Stegobium paniceum). Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1993, 91, 203-203.

Species: Stegobium paniceum (Linnaeus).

Country: Germany.

Note: Sensitisation to the bread beetle was diagnosed by skin tests and RAST. The exposures to the beetles were by contact with infested cereals and as an aeroallergen. [abstract of conference presentation]

311. Herrmann, G.H.C. Allergy to screwworm fly dust. A new occupational disease. Texas State Journal of Medicine, 1966, 62, 36-39.

Species: Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel).

Country: USA.

Note: A clinical report on two cases of allergy. Both patients worked with the flies, one was a pilot. A survey was done of other persons who work with flies and a high degree of allergy to fly dust is reported.

312. Herxheimer, H. The skin sensitivity to flour of bakers’ apprentices. Acta Allergologica, 1973, 28, 42-49.

Species: Ephestia kuehniella Zeller.

Country: Germany.

Note: A five year study of bakers’ apprentices. About 10% of apprentices gave positive skin tests soon after commencement but in half of these the sensitivity had disappeared after 12 months. At the end of 5 years the percentage sensitive had increased to over 20%. The incidence of positive skin tests to Ephestia (around 5%) showed little change with time and was about the same in both flour positive and flour negative subjects.

313. Hill, C. Animal allergens may cause significant health problems. Health and Safety at Work, 1988, 10, 18-18.

Country: United Kingdom.

Note: Includes locusts and flies in a list of sources of allergenic proteins known to cause allergies among workers with laboratory animals. [Not seen: an abstract appears in the Laboratory Hazards Bulletin, June 1988]

314. Hopla, C.E. Arthropodiasis in ‘CRC handbook series in zoonoses, section C: parasitic zoonoses volume III’. Boca Raton, USA, CRC Press, 1982. pp. 215-247.

Note: The chapter has a section on arthropod allergens in which under ‘Inhalent Allergens’ [sic] are discussed mayflies, caddisflies, dermestids, Mexican bean weevil, screwworms, and mites (pp. 234-236).

315. Horner, W.E., Kailas, J., Stankus, R.P., and Lehrer, S.B. Common German cockroach whole body and fecal allergens – immunoprint inhibition studies. International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology, 1990, 93, 256-262.

Species: Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

Country: USA.

Note: Extracts of whole bodies and faeces were compared. Isoelectric focussing showed 14 bands in the faecal extract, three of which did not occur in the whole body extract. All of the bands in the faecal extract were acidic, pI < 4.7. Immunoprinting studies showed only one band not in common, that which had pI 4.35. The inhibition studies confirmed that the two extracts were not identical.

316. Horner, W.E., Reese, G., Musmand, J., and Lehrer, S.B. Analysis of high molecular weight cockroach allergen isolated by preparative SDS-PAGE. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1993, 91, 358-358.

Species: Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

Country: USA.

Note: A report on progress towards the isolation of a pure 60kD allergen. [abstract of conference presentation]

317. Hosen, H. Insects as cause of inhalant respiratory allergy. Annals of Allergy, 1970, 28, 171-171.

Country: USA.

Note: An abstract of a paper presented at the 26th Annual Congress. ‘Conclusions are drawn that insects do play some part in the etiology of respiratory inhalant allergy…’

318. Hosen, H. Insects as a cause of inhalant respiratory allergy. Annals of Allergy, 1970, 28, 596-599.

Species: [Several insects were used as sources of test solutions]

Country: USA.

Note: Of 174 patients with perennial allergy 95 gave positive skin tests to all nine test allergens. ‘Skin tests with insect allergens have a diagnotic efficiency of 40.5 percent as determined by parenteral provocative subcutaneous tests.’

319. Hosen, H. [ ] Annals of Allergy, 1974, 32, 176-178.

Species: [not indicated]

Country: USA.

Note: A criticism of Uy and Young in the method they used in their studies. Hosen suggests the use of powdered antigen but Uy and Young reject this in an answer which follows this letter.

320. Howe, R.W. Losses caused by insects and mites in stored foods and feedingstuffs. Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews, 1965, 35, 285-303.

Species: Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus).

Note: ‘Allergy affecting the eyes and the respiratory tract and inducing asthma is caused by Sitophilus granarius, …’ There are also some other references to insects being responsible for allergies.

321. Hulett, A.C., and Dockhorn, R.J. House dust, mite (D. farinae) and cockroach allergy in a Midwestern population. Annals of Allergy, 1979, 42, 160-165.

Species: Dermatophagoides farinae Hughes. [Acari]

Country: USA.

Note: Used skin tests and RAST to investigate the relationships between house dust, mite, and cockroach allergies. The results suggest that cockroach antigen may be as important as the mite antigen in house dust allergy in this population.

322. Hunter, D. Lung disease due to the grain weevil in ‘The diseases of occupations’, 4th edition. London, English Universities Press, 1969. [also Boston, Little, Brown & Co., 1969]. pp. 1084-1085.

Species: 1. Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman).

2. Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus).

Note: A short review on insects as a cause of asthma and other allergic diseases with more detail on the effects of the granary weevil. [other editions not seen]

323. Hunter-Jones, P. Allergy to animals: a zoological hazard. New Scientist, 1966, 31, 615-616.

Country: UK.

Note: A report on the risk to research zoologists of becoming allergic to the animals with which they work. The author worked at the Anti-Locust Research Centre and he discusses the problems experienced there with allergy to locusts.

324. Hunter-Jones, P. ‘Rearing and breeding locusts in the laboratory’. London, Anti-Locust Research Centre, 1966.

Species: 1. Locusta migratoria migratorioides (Reiche and Fairmaire)

2. Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål).

3. Nomadacris septemfasciata (Serville).

4. Anacridium aegyptium (Linnaeus).

Country: UK.

Note: A 12 page guide to rearing locusts which has a section entitled ‘Allergy to locusts’. An earlier edition (1961) did not mention allergy to locusts. Preventive measures are outlined.

325. Igarashi, T., Murakami, G., Adachi, Y., Matsuno, M., Saeki, Y., Okada, T., Kawai, K., Kumagai, A., and Sasa, M. Common occurrence in Toyama of bronchial asthma induced by chironomid midges. Japanese Journal of Experimental Medicine, 1987, 57, 1-9.

Species: 1. Polypedilum kyotoense (Tokunaga).

2. Propsilocerus akamusi (Tokunaga) [=Tokunagayusurika akamusi of paper].

3. Chironomus plumosus (Linnaeus).

4. Chironomus yoshimatsui Martin and Sublette.

5. Tanytarsus oyamai Sasa.

Country: Japan.

Note: Prick tests, RAST, and provocation tests were administered in this investigation. RAST inhibition tests ‘indicate the midge and the mite antigens…are quite independent from each other.’

326. Igarashi, T., Murakami, G., Okada, T., Kawai, K., Kumagai, A., Sasa, M., Mizukami, Y., and Watanabe, H. [A case of bronchial asthma induced by a chironomid midge which became a severe attack of dyspnoea]. Chiryogaku, 1986, 16, 687-691.

Species: Tanytarsus oyamai Sasa.

Country: Japan.

Note: A jogger inhaled midges and suffered a severe attack of bronchial asthma with pronounced dyspnoea. Skin tests and RAST with this species, as well as four other species, proved positive. [see Y. Mizukami et al., Nihon Kyobu Shikkan Gakkai Zasshi, 1986, 24, 287-291]

327. Igarashi, T., Saeki, Y., Matsuno, M., Adachi, Y., Murakami, G., Suzuki, Y., Okada, T., Kumagai, A., and Sasa, M. Widespread occurrence in Japan of the bronchial asthma induced by chironomid midges. Annals of Allergy, 1985, 55, 375-375. [abstracts of the twelfth international congress of allergy and clinical immunology]

Species: 1. Polypedilum kyotoense (Tokunaga).

2. Chironomus yoshimatsui Martin and Sublette.

3. Propsilocerus akamusi (Tokunaga) [=Tokunagayusurika akamusi of paper].

Country: Japan.

Note: When 74 asthmatic children were tested with antigens prepared from the three species, 21, 14, and 8, respectively, gave positive skin tests and 12, 9, and 10, respectively, gave positive RAST results. Strongly positive results for Prausnitz-Küstner tests and inhalation tests were obtained from two patients.

328. Igarashi, T., Saeki, Y., Okada, T., Kumagai, A., and Sasa, M. [Two cases of bronchial asthma induced by chironomid midges]. Chiryogaku, 1985, 14, 122-126.

Species: 1. Polypedilum kyotoense (Tokunaga).

2. Chironomus yoshimatsui Martin and Sublette.

Country: Japan.

Note: Skin tests, Prausnitz-Küstner procedures, and bronchial provocation tests were employed in the diagnoses.

329. Ikegama, H., Yamada, Y., Usui, M., Ando, S., Matsuoka, H., Doi, H., Ishii, A., and Matsuhashi, T. [Cross reactivities between the akamusi-midge, oo-midge, sesuji-midge, and dust mite. Arerugi, 1987, 36, 855-864.

Species: 1. Propsilocerus akamusi (Tokunaga) [=Tokunagayusurika akamusi of paper].

2. Chironomus plumosus (Linnaeus).

3. Chironomus yoshimatsui Martin and Sublette.

4. Dermatophagoides farinae Hughes.

Country: Japan.

Note: The degrees of cross-reactivity were tested by ELISA using rabbit and mouse antisera.

Key words: chironomids dust mites

330. ‘Indoor allergens. Assessing and controlling adverse health effects’. Washington. D.C., National Academy Press. 1993. (Editors: A. M. Pope, R. Patterson, and H. Burge)

Species: 1. Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

2. Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus).

3. Blatta orientalis Linnaeus.

Note: Dust mites, cockroaches, and other arthropods are discussed as sources of allergens. This report, sponsored by the Institute of Medicine, contains Recommendations on procedures and practices and Research Agenda Items including some pertaining to arthropods and other animals.

Key words: cockroaches flies beetles locusts moths crickets fleas

331. Industrial Injuries Advisory Council ‘Occupational asthma’. (Command Paper 8121). London, HMSO, 1981.

Country: UK.

Note: For the purpose of prescription under the Social Security Act 1975, seven groups of agents have been recognised as being clearly established as causes of occupational asthma. They are i) platinum salts; ii) isocyanates; iii) epoxy resin curing agents; iv) colophony fumes; v) proteolytic enzymes; vi) animals and insects in laboratories; and vii) dusts arising from milling or handling flour and from harvesting, drying, transporting and storing grains. ‘The insects most frequently causing sensitisation in laboratories are locusts and their faeces are thought to be the sensitising agent.’ ‘As with grain dust asthma …some of the people who develop symptoms related to flour dusts may, in fact, be reacting to contaminants associated with those dusts, i.e. moulds, fungi, insects, etc.’

332. Ishii, A., Matsuoka, H., Uchida, J.Y., Edahiro, T., Ohta, N., Itano, K., Suguri, S., and Harada, M. Chironomid midge and allergy around Lake Kojima, Okayama. in ‘International symposium on mite and midge allergy’. Tokyo, [1989]. pp. 284-317.

Species: 1. Chironomus yoshimatsui Martin and Sublette.

2. Chironomus plumosus (Linnaeus).

3. Propsilocerus akamusi (Tokunaga) [=Tokunagayusurika akamusi of paper].

Country: Japan.

Note: A report on the seasonal occurrence of chironomids and the distribution of allergens in house dust, soil, and air around the lake which became one of the most polluted lakes in Japan. The amounts of IgE antibodies to adult midges were determined in 36 children with bronchial asthma. Inhibition studies were conducted between the three species and Dermatophagoides farinae. The allergenicity of various parts of Propsilocerus akamusi, the major culprit, was measured.

333. Ito, K., Miyamoto, T., Shibuya, T., Kamei, K., Mano, K., Taniai, T., and Sasa, M. Skin test and RAST with extracts of larval and adult midges of Tokunagayusurika akamusi (Tokunaga) in the population of metropolitan area of Tokyo. Annals of Allergy, 1985, 55, 299-299. [abstracts of the twelfth international congress of allergy and clinical immunology]

Species: Propsilocerus akamusi (Tokunaga) [=Tokunagayusurika akamusi of paper].

Country: Japan.

Note: Prick tests and RAST were conducted with extracts of larval and adult midges. Among 303 patients, 38.0% were positive to either of the two extracts while 60.7% were positive to mite.

334. Ito, K., Miyamoto, T., Shibuya, T., Kamei, K., Mano, K., Taniai, T., and Sasa, M. Skin test and radioallergosorbent test with extracts of larval and adult midges of Tokunagayusurika akamusi Tokunaga (Diptera: Chironomidae) in asthmatic patients of the metropolitan area of Tokyo. Annals of Allergy, 1986, 57, 199-204.

Species: Propsilocerus akamusi (Tokunaga) [=Tokunagayusurika akamusi of paper].

Country: Japan.

Note: Of 303 asthmatic patients, 38% were prick-test positive to either larval or adult midge and 32% of 105 asthmatic patients were positive to either extract by RAST. There was a low correlation between prick-test results for larvae and adults whereas the RAST scores indicated a highly significant correlation. There was a low correlation between the RAST scores for adult midges and dust mites.

335. Ito, K., Suko, M., Miyamoto, T., Kobayashi, S., Nakazawa, T., Takahashi, T., Nishikata, H., Nemoto, T., and Matsubara, T. [Study on the clinical usefulness of RAST using insect and mite allergen discs]. Arerugi, 1989, 38, 413- 422.

Species: 1. Propsilocerus akamusi (Tokunaga) [=Tokunagayusurika akamusi of paper].

2. Chironomus yoshimatsui Martin and Sublette.

3. Chironomus riparius Meigen. [=Chironomus thummi thummi of paper]

4. Blattella germanica (Linnaeus). [=Blatella germanica of paper]

5. Aedes communis De Geer.

Country: Japan.

Note: The incidence of positive RAST in asthmatic patients, the rate of coincidence between RAST and skin tests, and correlations between RAST results from the different organisms were investigated.

Key words: mosquitoes cockroaches chironomids

336. Ito, K., Yamashita, N., Miyamoto, T., Shibuyu, T., Kamei, K., Mano, K., Taniai, T., and Sasa, M. [The role played by chironomid midge in bronchial asthma]. Nihon Kyobu Shikkan Gakkai Zasshi, 1985, 23, 176-176.

Species: Propsilocerus akamusi (Tokunaga) [=Tokunagayusurika akamusi of paper].

Country: Japan.

Note: [abstract]

337. Ito, K., Yamashita, N., Morita, Y., Dohi, M., Haida, M., Okudaira, H., Miyamoto, T., Sakamoto, Y., Nakagawa, T., Juji, F., Kamei, K., Shibuya, Y., Mano, K., Sasa, M., Sumitomo, M., and Taniai, T. Allergenicity and allergenic independency of chironomid midges. in ‘International symposium on mite and midge allergy’. Tokyo, [1989]. pp. 318-337.

Species: 1. Propsilocerus akamusi (Tokunaga) [=Tokunagayusurika akamusi of paper].

2. Chironomus yoshimatsui Martin and Sublette.

3. Blattella germanica (Linnaeus). [=Blatella germanica of paper]

4. Aedes communis De Geer.

Country: Japan.

Note: A battery of tests was applied to confirm the significance of sensitivity to chironomids in some asthmatic patients. An allergen purified from an extract of Propsilocerus akamusi had a relative molecular mass of about 38 000.

338. Ito, K., Yamashita, N., Nakada, S., Miyamoto, T., Shibuya, T., Kamei, K., and Sasa, M. [Comparison of chironomid midge with other allergens in asthmatic patients].
Arerugi, 1987, 36, 30-37.

Species: Propsilocerus akamusi (Tokunaga) [=Tokunagayusurika akamusi of paper].

Country: Japan.

Note: Prick tests on 303 patients showed that 38% gave positive reactions to either or both adult and larval midges. Dust mites (61%) and house dust (43%) recorded higher levels. Among the 115 persons sensitive to midge extracts positive reactions were also obtained to dust mites (91), house dust (74), silk (55), Japanese cedar (21), Candida albicans (18), cat dander (9), ragweed (8), shrimp (20), and dog dander (15).

339. Iwama, A. [Studies on insect allergy. (II) The intradermal test by allergens from Musca domestica vicina Macquart, 1850]. Acta Scholae Medicinalis Universitatis in Gifu, 1974, 22, 156-176.

Species: Musca domestica Linnaeus.

Country: Japan.

Note: A study using intradermal tests. About 10% of persons tested were positive to allergens from the fly. Comparisons were made with house dust, mosquito, and silk allergens.

340. Jäger, L. Allergische Alveolitis. [Allergic alveolitis]. Zeitschrift für Erkrankungen der Atmungsorgane, 1971, 135, 251-269.

Species: Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus).

Note: A review of allergic alveolitis, its aetiology and clinical manifestation and of specific causes. Uses the granary weevil as an example of sensitisation caused by constituents of insects.

341. James, M.T., and Harwood, R.F. ‘Herm’s medical entomology’, 6th Ed. London, Macmillan, 1969.

Note: A brief mention of allergy to chironomids (p. 165) and cockroaches (p. 390). ‘The body constituents of arthropods cause allergic reactions of humans. The nature of insect allergens, and human allergic responses, has been reviewed by Perlman (1967), Shulman (1967), and Feingold et al. (1968).’ (pp. 389-390).

342. Jamieson, H.C. The house fly as a cause of nasal allergy. Journal of Allergy, 1938, 9, 273-274.

Species: Musca domestica Linnaeus.

Country: Canada.

Note: Evidence is presented to show that house flies were the cause of a case of nasal allergy.

343. Jamnback, H. ‘Bloodsucking flies and other outdoor nuisance arthropods of New York State’. New York. State Museum and Science Service, Memoir 19. 1969.

Country: USA.

Note: In a section entitled ‘The nonbloodsucking pest species’ there are four short chapters on the biology and control of Trichoptera, Ephemeroptera, Chironomidae, and Chaoboridae. ‘As a consequence of their abundance, large numbers of airborne scales, hairs, spines, and fragments of chitin may be present in the air. At times, these fragments may exceed pollen grains drifting in the air. They may cause typical allergic reactions including hay fever, eczema, and asthma.’

344. Jiménez Diaz, C. État actuel de la question de l’asthme en Espagne. [Present state of the question of asthma in Spain]. in ‘L’Asthme’. Paris, L’Expansion scientifique française, 1950. pp. 407-421.

Species: 1. Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus).

2. Cimex lectularius Linnaeus.

3. [Ephemeroptera not identified]

Country: Spain.

Note: Report to the 2nd International Congress of Asthma. Of 989 cases of allergenic asthma 27 were due to insects.

345. Jimenez-Diaz, C., Lahoz, C., and Canto, G. The allergens of mill dust. Asthma in millers, farmers, and others. Annals of Allergy, 1947, 5, 519-525.

Species: Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus). [=Calandra granaria of paper]

Country: Spain.

Note: Showed the existence of allergy and asthma due to the weevil in two people – one grain worker and one retired businessman.

346. Jimenez-Diaz, C., and Sanchez Cuenca, B. Asthma produced by susceptibility to unusual allergens. Linseed, insects, tobacco, and chicory. Journal of Allergy, 1935, 6, 397-403.

Species: Cimex lectularius Linnaeus.

Country: Spain.

Note: A case diagnosed as allergy to the bed bug. Successful desensitisation was achieved with an extract of the bug.

347. Johansson, S.G.O., Wüthrich, B., and Zortea-Caflisch, C. Nightly asthma caused by allergens in silk-filled bed quilts: clinical and immunologic studies. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1985, 75, 452-459.

Species: 1. Bombyx mori (Linnaeus).

2. Antheraea pernyi Guérin-Ménéville.

3. Anthrenus sp. [Coleoptera]

Country: Switzerland.

Note: The filling of the quilts was found to be a mixture of waste from both wild silk (Antheraea sp.) and cultivated silk (Bombyx mori). The allergens were associated with the cultivated silk but seem to be contaminants of that waste. Protein material from Anthrenus is one important allergen in the silk filling.

348. Johnstone, D.E. Uses and abuses of hyposensitization in children. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 1972, 123, 78-83.

Country: USA.

Note: ‘Allergy to mayfly, sandfly [caddisfly], as well as other arthropods have been reported but are generally thought to be relatively uncommon.’

349. Joly, P. Localisation et signification biologique de la substance provoquant des accidents allergiques chez les personnes exposées à un contact prolongé avec les grands Acridiens (Locusta migratoria). [Localisation and biological significance of the causal substance of allergic reactions in persons exposed to prolonged contact with the migratory locust]. Comptes Rendus des Séances de la Société de Biologie et de ses Filiales, 1963, 157, 2299-2300.

Species: Locusta migratoria Linnaeus.

Country: France.

Note: Persons working with the locust suffered from allergic reactions to the locust. Showed that the allergy producing particles were removed by filtration of the air which had passed over the locusts.

350. Juji, F., Ito, K., Yamashita, N., Miyamoto, T., Shibuya, T., Kamei, K., and Sasa, M. [RAST analysis of chironomid midge (Tokunagayusurika akamusi) in pediatric allergic diseases in Tokyo area]. Arerugi, 1988, 37, 1130-1137.

Species: Propsilocerus akamusi (Tokunaga) [=Tokunagayusurika akamusi of paper].

Country: Japan.

Note: Tests were conducted on 140 allergic patients ranging in age from 5 months to 22 years. The incidence of positive RAST using extracts of adult midges was 18.6%. The rate increased with age ranging from 3.2% in those less than seven years old to 48.3% among those 18 to 22 years old.

351. Kagen, S.L. Inhalant insect allergy. in ‘Monograph on insect allergy’, Second edition. [Milwaukee], American Academy of Allergy and Immunology, Committee on Insects. 1986. pp.93-102.

Species: 1. Chironomus plumosus (Linnaeus).

2. Chironomus riparius Meigen. [=Chironomus thummi thummi of chapter]

Country: USA.

Note: The various insects which can be the cause of inhalant allergy are divided into two classes: aquatic or terrestrial in origin. The allergies are discussed under the headings ‘Clinical Importance’, ‘The Allergens’, ‘Diagnosis’, and ‘Treatment’. The point is made that nowhere are the problems of allergen extract standardisation more apparent than in this area of allergy. ‘The eventual isolation, characterization and standardization of…insect allergens should result in significant improvements in diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities.’

352. Kagen, S.L. Inhalant allergy to arthropods. Insects, arachnids, and crustaceans. Clinical Reviews in Allergy, 1990, 8, 99-125.

Species: 1. Symphitopsyche bifida (Banks).

2. Cladotanytarsus lewisi (Freeman).

3. Chironomus plumosus (Linnaeus).

4. Chironomus riparius Meigen [=Chironomus thummi thummi of paper].

5. Drosophila melanogaster Meigen.

6. Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel).

7. Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann).

8. Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus).

9. Euxoa auxiliaris (Grote).

Note: After a discussion of clinical features and prevalence of arthropod hypersensitivity this review covers inhalant allergy to insects from several orders, to arachnids, and to crustaceans with an emphasis on studies of the allergens.

Key words: caddisflies mayflies midges chironomids flies beetles moths butterflies cockroaches locusts crickets

353. Kagen, S.L. Other indications for administration of allergen immunotherapy. Insects, fire ants, and therapeutic agents. Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America, 1992, 12, 177-197.

Species: 1. Symphitopsyche bifida (Banks).

2. Chironomus riparius Meigen. [=Chironomus thummi thumii of paper]

3. Chironomus plumosus (Linnaeus).

4. Blattella germanica (Linnaeus). [=Blattela germanica of paper]

5. Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus).

Note: The author discusses the clinical indications of the use of allergen immunotherapy in people with ‘the increasingly common problems of allergy to (1) inhalant insects, (2) imported fire ants…’ with sections on caddisflies, chironomids, moths, and cockroaches.

354. Kagen, S., and Muthiah, R. Insect allergens: characterization and partial sequencing of a caddisfly hemoglobin aeroallergen. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1990, 85, 152-152.

Species: ‘caddisfly’

Country: USA.

Note: Report the isolation of a copper-containing metalloprotein as the dominant allergen from caddisflies and sequencing results on the protein. [abstract of conference presentation]

355. Kagen, S., and Siebert, P. Cloning of insect aeroallergens: midge hemoglobins. Allergy Proceedings, 1988, 9, 281-281.

Country: USA.

Note: A report on progress of a project. [abstract of a conference presentation]

356. Kagen, S.L., Yunginger, J.W., and Johnson, R. Lake fly allergy: incidence of chironomid sensitivity in an atopic population. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1984, 73, 187-187.

Species: Chironomus plumosus (Linnaeus).

Country: USA.

Note: RAST, RAST inhibition, and pulmonary challenge were employed in a study on two atopic populations with little and much exposure, respectively, to chironomid adults. The latter group gave a much higher incidence of sensitivities than the former. Bronchial challenge in a symptomatic patient produced an immediate and a late response. There was strong cross-reactivity between adult and larval extracts. ‘These studies establish C. plumosus as a clinically significant cause of inhalant allergy, and remind us of the importance of non-stinging insects as causes of allergic disease.’ [abstract]

357. Kagen, S.L., Yunginger, J.W., and Wynn, S.R. Occupational respiratory allergy due to caddis fly aeroallergens. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1986, 77, 168-168.

Country: USA.

Note: RAST and skin tests were employed to study the incidence of allergy in a factory work-force. Caddisfly material could be identified in aeroallergens sampled within the factory. [abstract]

358. Kagen, S.L., Yunginger, J.W., Wynn, S.R., and Swanson, M.C. Midge-specific IgE and IgG responses during lake fly desensitizations: an open trial. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1986, 77, 140-140.

Species: Chironomus plumosus (Linnaeus).

Country: USA.

Note: Midge specific IgE and IgG levels were followed over 18 months in control and treated subjects. IgE levels were unchanged whereas IgG levels rose during immunotherapy and were associated with symptomatic improvement. [abstract]

359. Kämmerer, H., and Michel, H. ‘Allergische Diathese und allergische Erkrankungen’. [Allergic predisposition and allergic illnesses]. Third edition. München, J.F. Bergmann, 1956. pp. 207-210, 375.

Note: A text book in which are mentioned some of the early reports of allergies to mushroom flies, lepidopterans, and caddisflies.

360. Kang, B. Study of cockroach antigen as a probable causative agent in bronchial asthma. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1976, 58, 357-365.

Species: [not identified]

Country: USA.

Note: Using cockroach antigen (CR) from Hollister-Stier Co., conducted bronchial provocative tests on 22 patients of which 16 gave positive results and 6 negative.

361. Kang, B., and Chang, J.L. Allergenic impact of inhaled arthropod material. Clinical Reviews in Allergy, 1985, 3, 363-375.

Species: 1. Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

2. Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus).

3. Blatta orientalis Linnaeus.

4. Periplaneta australasiae (Fabricius).

5. Supella longipalpa (Fabricius). [=Supella supelledium (?supellectilium) of review]

6. Zabrotes subfasciatus Boheman.

7. Psychoda sp. [Diptera]

8. Megaselia agarici (Lintner). [=Aphiochaeta agarici of review]

9. Cladotanytarsus lewisi (Freeman).

Note: The authors review arthropod-derived inhalant allergens in three sections; insect and mite allergens common in households, insect and mite allergens encountered occupationally, and insect emanations as disseminated aeroallergens. In the first section there is an extensive consideration of the prevalence of, symptoms due to, and the characterisation of antigens of cockroaches and dust mites. The other two sections are dealt with more briefly. ‘…it is our opinion that arthropod allergies must be considered and investigated seriously in all patients with respiratory allergy that is not otherwise readily explained, particularly bronchial asthma.’

362. Kang, B., Chang, J.L., and Johnson, J. Efficacy of immunotherapy determined by leucocyte sensitivity in cockroach asthma. in ‘XI International congress of allergology and clinical immunology. Abstracts’. London and Basingstoke, Macmillan Press, 1982. Abstract 071.

Country: USA.

Note: The results of the study suggest that cockroach antigen immunotherapy reduces anaphylactic sensitivity on basophil rich leucocytes and that it correlates well with the reduction in symptom and medication scores.

363. Kang, B., Homburger, H., and Yunginger, J. Radioallergosorbent test (RAST) and other immunological profiles of cockroach(CR)-asthma. Annals of Allergy, 1977, 38, 450-450.

Species: [not indicated]

Country: USA.

Note: An abstract of a paper presented to a Congress in March 1977. An immunological study on 37 asthmatic patients of whom 27 were positive to CR by skin test. Cockroach asthma should be ‘screened by skin test and diagnosed definitively by [bronchial provocative test]’. ‘RAST appears to be insensitive method in detecting CR hypersensitivity.’

364. Kang, B., Johnson, J., and Chang, J.L. Blocking antibody and efficacy of immunotherapy in cockroach asthma. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1982, 69, 132-132.

Country: USA.

Note: In this talk there was presented evidence which showed that immunotherapy with cockroach antigen (CRa) ‘…produced blocking factor(s) in the sera which inhibits anaphylactic histamine release from CRa sensitive leucocytes and correlates well with clinical improvement in asthmatics’. [abstract]

365. Kang, B., Jones, J., Johnson, J., and Kang, I.J. Analysis of indoor environment and atopic allergy in urban populations with bronchial asthma. Annals of Allergy, 1989, 63, 30-34.

Species: [cockroach]

Country: USA.

Note: A survey of 100 patients with confirmed bronchial asthma. The home environment was checked for floor coverings, heating and cleaning methods, and the presence of pets and pests. Eighty five patients were given skin tests and 60% proved positive to cockroach antigens. House dust had the highest frequency (65%) while ragweed was the next to cockroaches at 38%. Total IgE was elevated in 75% of the 82 sera tested.

366. Kang, B., and Morgan, C. Incidence of allergic skin sensitivity of asthmatics to inhalant allergens. Clinical Research, 1980, 28, 426A-426A.

Country: USA.

Note: An abstract of a report to a meeting which presents the results of a six year survey of asthmatic patients attending a hospital. Prick and intradermal skin tests were conducted using 30-35 allergens. The three most prevalent allergens were house dust (77%), cockroach (53%), and ragweed (45%).

367. Kang, B., and Sulit, N. A comparative study of prevalence of skin hypersensitivity to cockroach and housedust antigens. Annals of Allergy, 1978, 41, 333-336.

Species: [Hollister-Stier extract]

Country: USA.

Note : Cockroach antigen was second only to house dust in a skin test survey of 222 atopic patients.

368. Kang, B., and Vellody, D. Study on cockroach antigen as a cause of bronchial asthma. Clinical Research, 1975, 23, 348A-348A.

Species: [not indicated]

Country: USA.

Note: An abstract of a paper sumitted for the 32nd AGM of the American Federation for Clinical Research, 1975. Skin tests and bronchial provocation tests [B.P.T.] were done on 16 asthmatics. Twelve positive skin tests were seen and of these 11 reacted to B.P.T. ‘These data indicate that [cockroach] antigen plays a definite causative role in bronchial asthma, particularly extrinsic type, which worsens in winter.’

369. Kang, B., and Vellody, D. Specificity of cockroach antigen as a causative agent in bronchial asthma. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1976, 57, 237-238.

Country: USA.

Note: Bronchial provocation tests were used on 45 asthmatics, 33 of whom were skin-test positive to cockroach antigen (CR). The results indicate that CR-induced asthmatic reactions are allergen specific and that CR plays a causative role in allergic asthma. This is an abstract of a report to a meeting.

370. Kang, B., Vellody, D., Homburger, H., and Yunginger, J.W. Cockroach cause of allergic asthma—its specificity and immunologic profile. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1979, 63, 80-86.

Species: [not identified]

Country: USA.

Note: Forty six asthmatic subjects were studied using in vitro assays for total and cockroach-specific IgE antibodies and with skin and bronchial tests to the antigen. ‘The results indicate that cockroach antigen causes antigen-specific IgE-mediated bronchial asthma and peripheral eosinophilia in specifically sensitized asthmatic subjects.’

371. Kang, B.C. Cockroach allergy. Clinical Reviews in Allergy, 1990, 8, 87-98.

Species: 1. Blattella germanica (Linnaeus). [=Blatella germanica of review]

2. Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus).

3. Blatta orientalis Linnaeus. [=Blatella orientalis of review]

Note: A review under the headings: Infestation and background; Prevalence of cockroach sensitivity; Cockroach asthma; Cockroach antigens and allergens; Management of cockroach allergies; and Conclusion.

Key word: cockroaches

372. Kang, B.C., Chang, J.L., and Johnson, J. Characterization and partial purification of the cockroach antigen in relation to house dust and house dust mite (D.f.) antigens. Annals of Allergy, 1989, 63, 207-212.

Species: 1. Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus).

2. Blattella germanica (Linnaeus). [=Blatella germanica of paper]

3. Blatta orientalis Linnaeus.

Country: USA.

Note: A preliminary study towards the identification of cockroach allergens using a variety of techniques with rabbits and humans. The study showed that crude cockroach extracts contain 18 to 22 antigens and 9 to12 allergens, that the crude extract does not have an antigenic fraction that cross-reacts with housedust mite, and that the housedust of cockroach-sensitive people contained a large amount of cockroach antigens.

Key word: cockroaches

373. Kang, B.C., Chang, J.L., Johnson, J., Morgan, C., and Wu, C. The cockroach asthma (BACR): a variant of severe environmental bronchial asthma. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1988, 81, 272-272.

Species: cockroach.

Country: USA.

Note: A clinical study on 680 urban asthmatics of whom 283 showed positive skin tests to cockroach antigens. In addition IgE levels were measured and bronchial provocation tests were conducted. Of the 196 females and 87 males with positive skin tests elevated IgE levels were found in 88.4% and steroid dependency noted in 33.2%. The bronchial provocation test was positive in 98.2% of them. [abstract of conference presentation]

Key word: cockroaches

374. Kang, B.C., Johnson, J., Morgan, C., and Chang, J.L. The role of immunotherapy in cockroach asthma. Journal of Asthma, 1988, 25, 205-218.

Species: 1. Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

2. Blatta orientalis Linnaeus.

3. Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus).

Country: USA.

Note: A controlled immunotherapy trial in which severely affected asthmatics were treated simultaneously for all sensitivities except that 15 received cockroach antigens and 13 did not. The progress was assessed using symptoms and medication scores as well as a leukocyte histamine-release assay. The treated group showed such marked improvement within twelve months that five of the worst affected in the control group were given cockroach immunotherapy and also then showed improvement.

Key word: cockroaches

375. Kang, B.C., Johnson, J., and Veres-Thorner, C. Atopic profile of inner-city asthma with a comparative analysis on the cockroach-sensitive and ragweed-sensitive subgroups.
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1993, 92, 802-811.

Species: 1. Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus).

2. Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

3. Blatta orientalis Linnaeus.

Country: USA.

Note: Skin tests were conducted on 592 residents of Chicago who suffered from asthma. The allergens used were 39 common inhalants in ten groupings. House-dust was the most prevalent (76%) followed by cockroaches (48%), ragweed (45%), other weeds (42%), cat (40%), dog (34 or 29%), grass (29%), tree (28%), seasonal mould (25 or 36%), and dust-mites (24%). Sixteen percent reacted to none of the inhalant allergens used. Unexpectedly elevated IgE antibody levels were measured in many of these patients.

376. Kang, B.C., Wilson, M., Price, K.H., and Kambara, T. Cockroach allergen study: allergen patterns of three common cockroach species probed by allergic sera collected in two cities.
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1991, 87, 1073-1080.

Species: 1. Blattella germanica (Linnaeus). [=Blatella germanica of paper]

2. Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus).

3. Blatta orientalis Linnaeus.

Country: USA.

Note: A variety of techniques was used to study the allergens in whole-body extracts of the three species. Sera from sixteen cockroach-sensitive people were used as probes. The allergenic fractions in the cockroach extracts were numerous but there was one band (at 40-45 kD) that was recognised by most individual sera in common in the three species.

Key word: cockroaches

377. Kang, B.C., Wu, C.W., and Johnson, J. Characteristics and diagnoses of cockroach sensitive bronchial asthma. Annals of Allergy, 1992, 68, 237-244.

Species: 1. Blattella germanica (Linnaeus). [=Blatella germanica of paper]

2. Blatta orientalis Linnaeus.

3. Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus).

Country: USA.

Note: A survey of 592 consecutive urban Chicago asthmatic patients. Skin tests (both prick and intradermal), total IgE and cockroach-specific IgE measurements, bronchial provocation tests, and histamine-release from basophil rich leukocytes were utilised in this investigation. Of the 592 patients given skin tests 283 showed cockroach hypersensitivity (45% of men and 49% of women). The authors concluded that cockroach asthma is a severe allergic asthma and can be diagnosed accurately by skin test plus bronchial provocation test or histamine-release. [see also: erratum, Annals of Allergy, 1993, 69, 174-174. and Kang, Johnson, and Veres-Thorner, Journal of Clinical Allergy and Immunology, 1993, 92, 802-811.

378. Kaufman, G.L. Allergy to sheep blowfly. Proceedings of the Sydney Allergen Group, 1986, 5, 90-98.

Species: Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann).

Country: Australia.

Note: Of 53 persons with occupational exposures to the sheep blowfly, 15 could be assigned as having work-related allergic symptoms due to the insect. The diagnoses were based on clinical surveys and determination of specific IgE by RAST.

379. Kaufman, G.L., Baldo, B.A., Tovey, E.R., Bellas, T.E., and Gandevia, B.H. Inhalant allergy following occupational exposure to blowflies. Clinical Allergy, 1986, 16, 65-71.

Country: Australia.

Species: 1. Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann).

2. Chrysomya bezziana Villeneuve.

Note: A person who worked in an entomological research laboratory was shown to have an IgE-mediated allergic reaction provoked by exposure to Lucilia cuprina. Skin tests and RAST were used to confirm the sensitivity. Positive results were also observed for Chrysomya bezziana to which the person had had exposure but was asymptomatic. Results are presented which suggest that antigens from the two species share immunological cross-reactivity.

380. Kaufman, G.L., Gandevia, B.H., Bellas, T.E., Tovey, E.R., and Baldo, B.A. Occupational allergy in an entomological research centre. I. Clinical aspects of reactions to the sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 1989, 46, 473-478.

Species: Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann).

Country: Australia.

Note: A survey of 53 workers exposed to blow fly larvae and adults of whom 15 experienced allergic reactions to the insects. Raised serum levels of IgE were found in 70% of the symptomatic workers. Measures designed to reduce exposures in general reduced the incidence of the symptoms in the exposed workers.

Key word: blow flies

381. Kawai, K., and Konishi, K. Fundamental studies on chironomid allergy. I. Culture methods of some Japanese chironomids (Chironomidae, Diptera). Eisei Dobutsu, 1986, 37, 47-57.

Species: 1. Glyptotendipes tokunagai Sasa.

2. Chironomus yoshimatsui Martin and Sublette.

3. Chironomus flaviplumus Tokunaga.

Country: Japan.

Note: Culture methods only.

382. Kawai, K., and Konishi, K. Fundamental studies on chironomid allergy: II. Analyses of larval allergens of some Japanese chironomids (Chironomidae, Diptera). Arerugi, 1986, 35, 1088-1098.

Species: 1. Chironomus flaviplumus Tokunaga.

2. Chironomus kiiensis Tokunaga.

3. Chironomus nipponensis Tokunaga.

4. Chironomus plumosus (Linnaeus).

5. Chironomus salinarius Kieffer.

6. Chironomus yoshimatsui Martin and Sublette.

7. Glyptotendipes tokunagai Sasa.

8. Chironomus tentans (Fabricius). [=Camptochironomus tentans of paper]

9. Polypedilum nubeculosum (Meigen).

10. Propsilocerus akamusi (Tokunaga) [=Tokunagayusurika akamusi of paper].

Country: Japan.

Note: An investigation of chironomid allergens which were separated by gel filtration and chromatography on DEAE cellulose. Cross-reactivities among the ten species were investigated using mouse anti-chironomid antisera prepared from five of the species.

383. Kawai, K, and Konishi, K. Fundamental studies on chironomid allergy III. Allergen analyses of some adult Japanese chironomid midges (Chironomidae, Diptera). Arerugi, 1988, 37, 944-951.

Species: 1. Chironomus dorsalis Meigen.

2. Chironomus flaviplumus Tokunaga.

3. Chironomus yoshimatsui Martin and Sublette.

4. Glyptotendipes tokunagai Sasa.

5. Polypedilum nubifer (Skuse).

Country: Japan.

Note: Used antisera from mice and a Prausnitz-Küstner-type test on rats to investigate fractions obtained by gel filtration and anion-exchange chromatography of extracts and excretions of the five species. A fraction corresponding to the monomeric haemoglobins showed strong allergenicity but evidence to suggest that there were allergens other than the haemoglobins was also found.

Key word: chironomids

384. Kawai, K., and Konishi, K. Laboratory colonization and allergen analysis of some common Japanese chironomid species. in ‘International symposium on mite and midge allergy’. Tokyo, [1989]. pp. 243-260.

Species: 1. Chironomus tentans Fabricius. [=Camptochironomus tentans of paper]

2. Chironomus dorsalis Meigen.

3. Chironomus samoensis Edwards.

4. Chironomus yoshimatsui Martin and Sublette.

5. Glyptotendipes tokunagai Sasa.

6. Polypedilum nubifer (Skuse).

Country: Japan.

Note: A description of techniques employed to rear chironomids and to isolate and characterise their allergens.

385. Kawakami, T., Suto, C., and Kumada, N. [Studies on the cockroach allergy 2. Nature of the German cockroach antigen and its allergenic activity in experimental animals]. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology, 1989, 40, 109-116.

Species: 1. Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

2. Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus).

3. Periplaneta fuliginosa (Serville).

Country: Japan.

Note: The allergenicity of the German cockroach was studied using basophil degranulation tests on rabbits and humans, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reactions in rabbits and rats, and prick tests on humans. While cross-reactivity between the three species of cockroaches was observed, none showed cross-reactivity to Dermatophagoides farinae. A fraction of relative molecular mass 25 000-45 000 showed the highest activity in all three species.

386. Kawakami, T., Suto, C., Yagura, T., and Kumada, N. [Studies on cockroach allergy I. Allergenicity of common domestic cockroaches of Japan]. Eisei Dobutsu, 1982, 33, 233-238.

Species: 1. Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

2. Periplaneta fuliginosa (Serville).

3. Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus).

Country: Japan.

Note: Whole body extracts were employed for skin tests, RAST, and basophil degranulation tests. The results confirmed the allergenicity of these cockroaches against people.

387. Kawamoto, F., and Kumada, N. Biology and venoms of Lepidoptera. in ‘Insect poisons, allergens, and other invertebrate venoms’. (Handbook of natural toxins, volume 2). New York, Marcel Dekker, 1984. pp. 292 and 317.

Note: The chapter is chiefly concerned with the effects of irritative hairs but the authors note that the inhalation of scales and hairs can give rise to allergic respiratory reactions.

388. Kay, A.B., and Gadelrab, M.O. Green nimitti asthma. Clinical Allergy, 1981, 11, 193-194.

Species: Cladotanytarsus lewisi (Freeman).

Country: Sudan.

Note: A report to a meeting on the radioallergosorbent test which had been developed for the diagnosis of sensitivity to this fly. [abstract]

389. Kay, A.B., Gad El Rab, M.O., Cranston, P.S., Maclean, C.M.U., and Tee, R.D. Clinical, entomological and epidemiological studies on allergy to a non-biting midge (Cladotanytarsus lewisi) (Green Nimitti). in ‘Proceedings of invited symposia. XI International congress of allergology and clinical immunology’. London, Macmillan Press, 1983. pp. 463-467.

Species: 1. Cladotanytarsus lewisi (Freeman).

2. Dicrotendipes fusconotatus (Kieffer).

3. Procladius noctivagus (Kieffer).

4. Conchapelopia cygnus (Kieffer).

5. Paracladopelma graminicolor (Kieffer).

6. Cladotanytarsus pseudomancus (Goetghebuer).

7. Nanocladius vitellinus (Kieffer).

8. Cryptochironomus neonilicola (Freeman).

Country: Sudan.

Note: A review of work done on the ‘green nimitti’ midge and allergy problems associated with it.

390. Kay, A.B., Gad El Rab, M.O., Stewart, J., and Erwa, H.H. IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to the Chironomid Cladotanytarsus lewisi (‘green nimitti’) as an important cause of bronchial asthma in Sudan. Thorax, 1978, 33, 538-538.

Species: Cladotanytarsus lewisi (Freeman).

Country: Sudan.

Note: A clinical investigation of 16 Sudanese with bronchial asthma associated with hypersensitivity to the chironomid. The majority had markedly elevated concentrations of circulating IgE.

391. Kay, A.B., Gad El Rab, M.O., Stewart, J., and Erwa, H.H. Widespread IgE-mediated hypersensitivity in Northern Sudan to the Chironomid Cladotanytarsus lewisi (‘green nimitti’). Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 1978, 34, 106-110.

Species: Cladotanytarsus lewisi (Freeman).

Country: Sudan.

Note: An immunological study of 16 patients who had bronchial asthma in association with hypersensitivity to this chironomid.

392. Kay, A.B., MacLean, C.M.U., Wilkinson, A.H., and Gad El Rab, M.O. The prevalence of asthma and rhinitis in a Sudanese community seasonally exposed to a potent airborne allergen (the "green nimitti" midge, Cladotanytarsus lewisi). Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1983, 71, 345-352.

Species: Cladotanytarsus lewisi (Freeman).

Country: Sudan.

Note: A study by questionary of about one quarter of the inhabitants of two towns near Khartoum, one seasonally inflicted with ‘green nimitti’, the other not. The prevalence of asthma and rhinitis by age, sex, and occupation was recorded and information on the symptoms, the agent provoking attacks and the seasonality of attacks is given. The incidence of asthma without rhinitis was 2.9% and 2.7%, the incidence of asthma with rhinitis 2.0% and 0.5%, and the incidence of rhinitis 6.7% and 1.5%, respectively for the two towns. These epidemiological findings support previous immunologic data which indicate that the chironomid, Cladotanytarsus lewisi, is a potent seasonal aeroallergen.

393. Keogh, B.A., and Crystal, R.G. Chronic interstitial lung disease in ‘Current pulmonology’ volume 3. New York, Wiley Medical, 1981. pp. 237-340.

Species: Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus).

Note: Wheat weevil disease is included in a table of interstitial lung diseases of known aetiology.

394. Kern, R.A. Asthma due to sensitization to a mushroom fly (Aphiochaeta agarici). Journal of Allergy, 1938, 9, 604-606.

Species: Megaselia agarici (Lintner). [=Aphiochaeta agarici of paper]

Country: USA.

Note: A case of asthma in a mushroom growing area. The patient had a strong skin response and responded to hyposensitisation treatment.

395. Kerp, L. Insektenallergie. [Insect allergy]. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift, 1962, 87, 1539-1542.

Note: There are sections on allergy due to insect dust [inhalant], blood sucking insects, and stinging insects: on testing and desensitisation, and on emergency treatment.

396. Khan, H.A., Richman, P.G., Turkeltaub, P.C., Malveaux, F.J., and Baer, H. Comparison of allergenicity of whole body and body parts of German and American cockroach. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1982, 69, 144-144.

Species: 1. Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

2. Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus).

Country: USA.

Note: RAST data indicated that the cast skins (exuviae) of the German cockroach may be the major source of allergens and that there was only slight cross reactivity between German and American cockroach extracts. Reactivity to American cockroach antigens was much lower. The patients’ exposure was almost exclusively to the German cockroach. [abstract]

397. Kilburn, K.H. Particles causing lung disease. Environmental Health Perspectives, 1984, 55, 97-109.

Species: 1. Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus).

2. Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel).

Note: A review of the reactions of the lungs to inhaled particles. A table headed ‘Sources and occupational groups affected by particles’ has as a source of animal origin ‘Insect citin’ [sic] and lists three examples; Sitophilus granarius, mayfly, ‘screwfly’.

398. Kimura, J.Y., Matsuoka, H., and Ishii, A. ELISA inhibition method in detection of mite and chironomid antigens in environmental samples of dust, soil and air. Allergy, 1990, 45, 167-173.

Species: 1. Propsilocerus akamusi (Tokunaga) [=Tokunagayusurika akamusi of paper].

2. Chironomus yoshimatsui Martin and Sublette.

3. Chironomus plumosus (Linnaeus).

Country: Japan.

Note: Amounts of allergens were determined outdoors and indoors in the area around Lake Kojima. Levels of airborne allergens were elevated from August until November for the first two species which are common in the area. Significant levels of chironomid antigens were also found in soil from some places. Chironomid allergens were also detected indoors but there the most common allergen was that of the mite Dermatophagoides farinae.

Key word: chironomids

399. Kimura, T. [Studies on so-called silk antigen in allergic rhinitis: in relation to allergy to moths and butterflies]. Practica Otologica Kyoto, 1984, 77, 1161-1172.

Species: Bombyx mori (Linnaeus).

Country: Japan.

Note: The ‘so-called’ silk extract contained silk and pupal antigens. Twelve percent of patients with allergic rhinitis gave positive intradermal tests to the extract. There was no cross-antigenicity by RAST between the silk extract and dust mite extract but there was high cross-antigenicity between the silk extract and an extract of wing scales of the silk moth. A larger proportion of patients with positive RAST to silk antigens lived in green areas than did patients with negative results. The author implies that there exists cross-antigenicity between silk moth and other lepidopterous species. ‘Apparently, the silk positive patients were sensitized by contact with antigens of moths and butterflies rather than silk products, …’ [abstract seen]

400. Kino, T. [Bronchial asthma due to insects—the importance of evaluation of allergens, especially moth and butterfly]. Bulletin of the Chest Disease Research Institute, Kyoto University, 1977, 10, 30-37.

Country: Japan.

Note: ‘…the author verified that moth and butterfly are as popular allergens as candida and house dust in patients with bronchial asthma and presented the typical case whose severe asthma attack was subsided by the treatment of hyposensitization with moth allergen.’

401. Kino, T., Chihara, J., Fukuda, K., Sasaki, Y., Shogaki, Y., and Oshima, S. Allergy to insects in Japan. III. High frequency of IgE antibody to insects (moth, butterfly, caddis fly, and chironomid) in patients with bronchial asthma and immunochemical quantitation of the insect-related airborne particles smaller than 10mm in diameter. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunonology, 1987, 79, 857-866.

Species: 1. Bombyx mori Linnaeus.

2. Macronema radiatum McLachlan.

3. Chironomus yoshimatsui Martin and Sublette.

Country: Japan.

Note: Extracts of silkworm moth wing, caddisfly wing, and whole chironomid flies were tested against patients at an asthma clinic. Over 50% of the patients had positive intracutaneous reactions to each of the extracts. Seasonal fluctuations in IgE antibodies were measured in two subjects with asthma, each of whom showed a distinct pattern. A RAST inhibition assay was employed to follow during one year the occurrence in the air of insect protein fragments capable of penetrating into the lungs. The amounts measured ranged from <1 to 18ng/m³ with peaks in spring and autumn: a profile which roughly reflected the incidence of insects caught at a light trap.

402. Kino, T., Chihara, J., and Oshima, S. Frequency of reaginic sensitivity to insects in patients with bronchial asthma. Annals of Allergy, 1985, 55, 299-299. [abstracts of the twelfth international congress of allergy and clinical immunology]

Country: Japan.

Note: Reaginic sensitivity to caddisflies, chironomids, moths, and butterflies were tested using RAST. Among 56 non-occupational asthma patients 61%, 48%, and 50% showed a positive RAST to silkworm wing, caddisfly wing, and chironomid, respectively. Mutual RAST inhibition tests and seasonal variations in specific IgE antibodies ‘…revealed that antigenicities of these three insects did not appear to be identical and all were quite different from the antigenicity of mite’.

403. Kino, T., Imai, H., and Oshima, S. [Studies on bronchial asthma due to insects (first report). The significance of moths and butterflies as allergens]. Arerugi, 1976, 25, 525-531.

Country: Japan.

Note: [not seen]

404. Kino, T., Imai, H., and Oshima, S. [Studies on bronchial asthma due to insects. III The relationship between distinctive IgE of moths and butterflies and distinctive IgE of mites and HD]. Arerugi, 1977, 26, 196-197.

Country: Japan.

Note: [not seen]

405. Kino, T., Matsui, Y., and Oshima, S. Reaginic sensitivity to high molecular fraction caddis fly extract in asthmatic patients. in ‘XI International congress of allergology and clinical immunology. Abstracts’. London and Basingstoke, Macmillan Press, 1982. Abstract 067.

Country: Japan.

Note: RAST studies on 73 randomly selected asthmatic patients showed that 23 had IgE antibodies both to silkworm wing and caddisfly wing. Fractionation showed that the main allergen of silkworm wing had a molecular mass of 25 000-68 000 while that of caddisfly wing had a molecular mass of 230 000-799 000. At least five of the patients showed sensitivity to the allergens in the high molecular mass fraction of caddisfly wing.

406. Kino, T., and Oshima, S. Allergy to insects in Japan. I. The reaginic sensitivity to moth and butterfly in patients with bronchial asthma. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1978, 61, 10-16.

Species: [not identified]

Country: Japan.

Note: Conducted skin tests, passive transfer, provocation tests, and radioallergosorbent tests. Over 50% of patients gave positive responses and about one third had specific IgE to moth and butterfly.

407. Kino, T., and Oshima, S. [Studies on bronchial asthma due to insects. 2. Caddis fly as an inhalant allergen and detection of IgE antibody by RAST]. Arerugi, 1978, 27, 31-39.

Species: Macronema radiatum McLachlan.

Country: Japan.

Note: Examined the sensitivity to caddisflies after the occurrence of large swarms of the insects near the Uji River in Japan. The main allergen was found to exist in the wings and 34 out of 54 patients with bronchial asthma showed positive intracutaneous tests and 60% of these skin reactive patients had IgE antibody to caddisfly-wing allergen.

408. Kino, T., and Oshima, S. Allergy to insects in Japan. II. The reaginic sensitivity to silkworm moth in patients with bronchial asthma. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1979, 64, 131-138.

Species: Bombyx mori (Linnaeus).

Country: Japan.

Note: A study using skin tests and radioallergosorbent tests on 50 asthmatic patients none of whom had occupational exposure to silkworms. The results of the RAST showed that more of the sera were positive to silkworm moth wings (44%) than to silkworm moth body (22%). In these same patients positive tests were obtained to extracts of butterfly (52%), moth (44%), and mite (64%). ‘…the antigenicities of silkworm wing, moth, and butterfly are similar to each other but different from the antigenicity of mite.’

409. Kino, T., and Oshima, S. Reaginic sensitivity to inhalants of moth, butterfly, and silkworm in patients with bronchial asthma. in ‘Advances in allergology and clinical immunology’ (being the proceedings of the 10th international congress of allergology). Oxford , Pergamon Press, 1980. pp. 457-464.

Country: Japan.

Note: This report summarises the earlier work of the authors. The seasonal variation of the incidence of symptoms in those patients with specific IgE to moth, butterfly and/or silkworm wing and the numbers of moths and butterflies observed in the district were in phase. Problems in the detection of reaginic sensitivities to moth and butterfly are discussed.

410. Kino, T., and Oshima, S. Determination of chironomid midge airborne allergen, in comparison with moth, butterfly and caddis fly allergens. in ‘International symposium on mite and midge allergy’. Tokyo, [1989]. pp. 338-363.

Species: 1. Macronema radiatum McLachlan.

2. Chironomus yoshimatsui Martin and Sublette.

3. Bombyx mori Linnaeus.

Country: Japan.

Note: Reports on the seasonal abundance of insect and of air-borne allergens derived from caddisflies, silkworm moths, and chironomids. Two peaks of abundance in the air-borne allergens were observed (May-July and October-November) and these peaks were reflected in the levels of IgE measured in two asthmatic patients.

Key word: butterflies

411. Kirk, R. Laboratory services. Stack Medical Research Laboratories. in Report of the Medical Services, Ministry of Health Sudan Government for the year 1950/51. [published 1952] pp. 44-45.

Species: Cladotanytarsus lewisi (Freeman). [=Tanytarsus lewisi of report]

Country: Sudan.

Note: The report noted that there was ‘strong circumstantial evidence that these flies may be an important cause of asthma, hay fever, and similar maladies in persons who have become sensitised.’ A ‘very high proportion’ of strongly positive reactions was recorded by asthmatics in Wadi Halfa when they were tested with an extract of the bodies of the insects. The report for the following year also included a section on allergies to Chironomidae (on p. 43).

412. Kitani, H., Araki, H., Sudoh, M., Tanizaki, Y., Tada, S., Takahashi, K., Kimura, I., Matsuoka, H., and Ishii, A. [Immunological studies on chironomid antigen in bronchial asthma] Arerugi, 1989, 38, 1-8.

Species: Propsilocerus akamusi (Tokunaga) [=Tokunagayusurika akamusi of paper].

Country: Japan.

Note: An immuno-allergological study on 217 patients with bronchial asthma using skin tests and the basophil histamine release assay. The skin tests were positive in 33.2% of the patients and 15 of 109 of the patients showed a significant amount of histamine release. There was a significant correlation between skin reactions and histamine release.

Key word: chironomids

413. Kivity, S., Struhar, D., Greif, J., Schwartz, Y., and Topilsky, M. Cockroach allergen: an important cause of perennial rhinitis. Allergy, 1989, 44, 291-293.

Species: 1. Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus).

2. Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

Country: Israel.

Note: A report on nine patients whose only sensitivity by skin tests to 28 test allergens was to cockroach allergens. All nine showed nasal symptoms following provocation with the cockroach allergens. Seven of the nine had a high standard of living and denied any exposure to cockroaches.

414. Klaschka, F. Allergene im Wohnbereich. [Allergens in residential areas]. Schriftenreihe des Vereins für Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene, 1985, 65, 493-497.

Species: Trogoderma sp. [Coleoptera]

Country: Germany.

Note: Includes insects in a list of ‘obvious’ allergens which can give rise to type I allergic reactions and notes that pests of food like Trogoderma species also can exhibit allergenic activity.

415. Klaschka, F., and Jung, D. Sensibilisierung gegen Trogoderma angustum Sol. als Berufserkrankung. [Sensitisation against Trogoderma angustum Sol. as occupational disease]. Zeitschrift für Hautkrankheiten, 1976, 51, 177-184.

Species: Trogoderma angustum Solier.

Country: Germany.

Note: Reports the case of a worker in a zoological institute who developed asthma due to exposure to the larvae of this beetle.

416. Klaustermeyer, W.B., Bardana, E.J., and Hale, F.C. Pulmonary hypersensitivity to Alternaria and Aspergillus in baker’s asthma. Clinical Allergy, 1977, 7, 227-233.

Species: Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus).

Note: ‘The grain weevil has also been implicated in baker’s asthma (Franklin [sic] and Lunn, 1965).’

417. Kleine-Tebbe, J., Jeep, S., Josties, C., Meysel, U., O’Connor, A., and Kunkel, G. IgE-mediated inhalant allergy in inhabitants of a building infested by the rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae). Annals of Allergy, 1992, 69, 497- 504.

Species: 1. Sitophilus oryzae (Linnaeus).

2. Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus).

Country: Germany.

Note: A factory previously used as a granary was converted to housing. The building was infested with rice weevils living on cereal products under floors. Fifteen of the 39 people living in the building gave positive skin tests to extracts of the weevils. The crude extracts were dialysed to remove non-specific reacting substances. Specific-IgE and histamine-release measurements confirmed the sensitivities. Extracts of frass gave the same results in IgE-inhibition and histamine-release experiments but required 20 to 80 times higher protein concentrations as the whole-body extracts. The two species of beetles gave similar results in the in vitro tests.

418. Kleinhans, D. Sensibilisierung gegen Bienen-Ganzkörperallergene (Kasuistik). [Sensitivity to bee whole body allergens (Case report)]. Allergologie, 1981, 4, 78-79.

Species: Apis mellifera Linnaeus.

Country: Germany.

Note: Two beekeepers experienced respiratory complaints after working around beehives. Both gave a positive RAST result for IgE antibodies to bee whole body extract. One had a slight bee venom allergy. The other, when given an injection of whole body extract for lumbago, suffered an anaphylactic shock.

419. Klots, A.B., and Klots, E.B. ‘1001 questions answered about insects’. New York, Dodd, Mead & Co., 1961. p. 221. [reproduced by Dover Publications, New York, 1977]

Note: The answer to question 956 mentions sensitivities and asthma to moths, butterflies, caddisflies, and mayflies. ‘Doubtless there are other airborne allergies that come from insects.’

420. Knüsel, J., and Wüthrich, B. "Aquarium-Allergie": Fischfutter, auch ein häusliches Allergen. [‘Aquarium allergy’: fish food, also a household allergen]. Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift, 1983, 113, 658-662.

Country: Switzerland.

Note: The authors report on eight cases of allergic respiratory disease induced by non-occupational contact with pet-fish food. Sensitisation against chironomids was noticed in most of the patients (positive skin tests). ‘…patients with respiratory diseases of already known allergic origin should, in our opinion, give up not only mammals or birds as household pets but also an aquarium.’

421. Kogaï, R.E., and Takhirov, M.T. K voprosu ob allergennykh svoïstvakh belkovoï pyli trikhogrammnykh proizvodstv i ozdorovitel’nye meropriyatiya. [On the allergenic properties of the protein dust of Trichogramma production and sanitation measures]. Gigiena i Sanitariya, 1985, 80-81.

Species: 1. Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier).

2. Trichogramma sp. [Hymenoptera]

Country: USSR.

Note: The hymenopteran parasites are reared on eggs of Sitotroga cerealella, the Angoumois grain moth. In experiments with guinea pigs and extracts of moth adults, moth eggs, and Trichogramma eggs, each extract was shown to possess sensitising properties. The levels of protein dusts in the air of the factories was found to exceed considerably the background level.

422. Koshte, V.L., Kagen, S.L., and Aalberse, R.C. Cross-reactivity of IgE antibodies to caddis fly with arthropoda and mollusca. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1989, 84, 174-183.

Species: ‘caddis flies’

Country: USA.

Note: Investigations, including RAST, inhibition assays, and affinity chromatography, were conducted on sera from people with known sensitivity to caddisflies and from people with no known exposure to caddisflies to determine the extent and cause of cross-reactivities to other arthropods and molluscs. The presence of cross-reactivities was established. The results of IgE antibody assays with caddisfly extracts need to be interpreted with care.

Key word: caddisflies

423. Kulczycki, A. Role of immunoglobulin E and immunoglobulin E receptors in bronchial asthma. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1981, 68, 5-14.

Note: In the section of the review on ‘idiopathic’ asthma he notes that ‘many urban asthmatics who would have formerly been classified as "intrinsic" are now known to be allergic to cockroach antigens or to rodent antigens’.

424. Lahoz, C., and Recatero, L. Cuatro casos de asma por sensibilización al Cimex lectularius. [Four cases of asthma from sensitisation to Cimex lectularius]. Revista Clínica Española, 1942, 5, 361-364.

Species: Cimex lectularius Linnaeus.

Note: [not seen]

425. Lan, J.-L., Lee, D.-T., Wu, C.-H., Chang, C.-P., and Yeh, C.-L. Cockroach hypersensitivity: preliminary study of allergic cockroach asthma in Taiwan. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1988, 82, 736-740.

Species: Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus).

Country: Taiwan.

Note: Skin tests, IgE antibody measurements by fluoroallergosorbent tests, and bronchial provocation tests all confirmed the presence of allergic reactions and asthma due to cockroaches. The authors conclude ‘that cockroach is one of the major causes of allergic asthma’.

426. Langlois, C., Bronson, P., Arbesman, C.E., and Shulman, S. Immunologic studies of insect allergens. Federation Proceedings, 1962, 21, 271-271.

Species: [not indicated]

Country: USA.

Note: An abstract of a paper delivered at the 46th meeting of F.A.S.E.B. in 1962. Caddisfly extracts were fractionated by electrophoresis. Passive haemagglutination and gel diffusion were used to study immunological properties. See also the review by Shulman, Progress in Allergy, 1968, 12, 246-317.

427. Langlois, C., Shulman, S., and Arbesman, C.E. Immunological studies of caddis fly. IV. Hemagglutination and gel precipitation studies of extracts. Journal of Allergy, 1963, 34, 235-241.

Species: [not indicated]

Country: USA.

Note: Used haemagglutination and gel precipitation methods on human and rabbit sera. See also the review by S. Shulman, Progress in Allergy, 1968, 12, 246-317.

428. Langlois, C., Shulman, S., and Arbesman, C.E. Immunological studies of caddis fly. V. Cross-reaction with other insects. Journal of Allergy, 1963, 34, 385-394.

Species: 1. Caddisfly. [not further identified]

2. Melanoplus bivittatus (Say).

3. Gryllus assimilis (Fabricius). [=Acheta assimilis of paper]

4. Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus).

5. Manduca quinquemaculata (Haworth). [=Phlegathontius quinquemaculata of paper]

Country: USA.

Note: Used haemagglutination and gel diffusion experiments to study cross reaction. ‘Although our experiments with rabbit antisera tended to demonstrate some antigen relationship between caddis fly and other insects, one must be very cautious in applying to man the results obtained in experimental animals.’ There was some cross-reaction: the moth and butterfly extracts showed the most in common. See also the review by S. Shulman, Progress in Allergy, 1968, 12, 246-317.

429. Lasius, D., Rudolph, R., Kunkel, G., and Kirchhof, E. Allergen-induced histamine-release by Trogoderma larva-skins. in ‘XI International congress of allergology and clinical immunology. Abstracts’. London and Basingstoke, Macmillan Press, 1982. Abstract 070.

Species: Trogoderma angustum Solier.

Country: Germany.

Note: Sensitisation of patients was confirmed by skin tests, RAST, nasal provocation tests, and histamine release from sensitised basophils in vitro.

430. Laurence, B.R. Entomological and helminthological aspects of sewage treatment in hot climates in ‘Water, wastes and health in hot climates’. London, Wiley, 1977. pp. 284-298.

Species: Chironomidae.

Note: ‘Serious asthmatic and other allergic reactions in man have been found where skin tests with antigens prepared from Chironomid adults have been positive (Lewis 1957).’

431. Layton, L., Panzani, R., von Helms, L.T., and Campbell, C.K. Cross reactivity in primary allergy to Castorbean (Ricinus communis). International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology, 1970, 37, 67-75.

Note: A brief mention of the existence of ‘inter-ordinal cross-reactivity to arthropods in most cases of primary allergy to insects.’

432. Leclercq, M. ‘Entomological parasitology’. Oxford, Pergamon, 1969. pp. 63-73.

Note: The chapter is entitled ‘Relationships to Allergic Casualties’. It deals mostly with reactions to bites and stings but there is a section entitled ‘Respiratory Reactions’ in which inhalation of constituents of arthropods is discussed and a list of incriminated species is given.

433. Leclercq, M. Les intoxications et les accidents allergiques provoqués par les insectes et acariens en Belgique. [Poisoning and allergic reactions caused by insects and mites in Belgium]. Revue Médicale de Liège, 1973, 28, 531-537.

Note : Deals mostly with allergic reactions dues to stings and bites. Has a short section on ‘[allergic reactions due to species domestic or abundant in nature]’. There was no example from Belgium but there has been work on house dust and mites.

434. Leclercq, M., and Lecompte, J. Les accidents allergiques provoqués par les insectes. [Allergic reactions caused by insects]. Revue Médicale de Liège, 1961, 16, 109-115,

Note: A review which includes reference to respiratory reactions due to inhalant allergens and a review of the types of insects which had been implicated as causative agents.

435. Lee, D.J. ‘Arthropod bites and stings and other injurious effects’. 2nd edition. Sydney, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1975. pp. 213-214.

Country: Australia.

Note: A brief review. Reports an observation of hay fever occurring in a person who was sorting catches of insects from light traps.

436. Lehrer, S.B., Horner, W.E., Menon, P.K., Oliver, J., and Hauck, P. Cockroach allergenic activity: analysis of commercial cockroach and dust extracts. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1991, 88, 895-901.

Species: 1. Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus).

2. Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

Country: USA.

Note: Four commercial extracts of German and American cockroaches were compared. The German cockroach extracts were very similar but those of American cockroaches showed greater variation. Six house dust samples from New Orleans and three commercial samples of house dust all contained cockroach allergens.

437. Lehrer, S.B., Horner, W.E., Menon, P., and Stankus, R.P. Comparison of cockroach allergenic activity in whole body and fecal extracts. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1991, 87, 574-580.

Species: 1. Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus).

2. Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

Country: USA.

Note: Employed skin tests, RAST, and RAST inhibition to compare whole body and faecal extracts. For Blattella germanica their results suggest that faeces are an important sensitising agent. Although the allergen profiles of whole body and faecal extracts were similiar, RAST inhibition suggest that the allergens were not identical.

Key word: cockroaches

438. Lelong, M. Place de l’allergie aux insectes dans l’asthme de l’enfant. [Place of allergy to insects in asthma in children]. Revue Française d’Allergie, 1965, 5, 319-321.

Country: France.

Note: Preliminary report of Gaudier and Lelong reporting 3.8% response to skin tests.

439. Lemanske, R.F., and Kaliner, M. Late-phase IgE-mediated reactions. Journal of Clinical Immunology, 1988, 8, 1-13.

Note: In this review sewer flies and cockroaches are included in a list of agents reported to cause late-phase reactions in the lungs

440. Lewis, D.J. Nimitti and some other small annoying flies in the Sudan. Sudan Notes and Records, 1955, 35, 76-89.

Species: Cladotanytarsus lewisi (Freeman). [=Tanytarsus (Cladotanytarsus) lewisi of paper]

Country: Sudan.

Note: This report is one of the first to implicate chironomid flies as a cause of allergic conditions. ‘Allergic effects are believed to follow the breathing in of dead powdered chironomids or the contact of living flies with people’s eyes. At Wadi Halfa there is so much asthma that a hospital camp is constructed away from the river during the chironomid season.’ This species has become known as green nimitti; the true nimitti is a simuliid species, Simulium griseicolle, which crawls around the eyes and face and sometimes bites.

441. Lewis, D.J. Chironomidae as a pest in the northern Sudan. Acta Tropica, 1956, 13, 142-158.

Species: Cladotanytarsus lewisi (Freeman): plus others.

Country: Sudan.

Note: Chironomids cause great nuisance and asthma. The problem is of relatively recent origin and is thought to be due to the building of dams on the Nile. The problem is so bad that it required the building of an ‘asthma camp’ at Wadi Halfa. Lewis quotes from the 1952 Sudan Medical Service Annual Report ‘strong circumstantial evidence that these insects are a common cause of hay fever, asthma and other allergic complaints’.

442. Lewis, D.J. Observations on Chironomidae at Khartoum. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 1957, 48, 155-184.

Species: 1. Tanytarsus spp. [Diptera]

2. Cladotanytarsus lewisi (Freeman). [=Tanytarsus lewisi of paper]

Country: Sudan.

Note: Biological observations on the flies and suggestions towards their control.

443. Lewis, D.J. Nile control and its effects on insects of medical importance. in ‘Man-made lakes’. London, Academic Press, 1966, pp. 43-47.

Species: Tanytarsus sp. [Diptera]

Country: Sudan.

Note: Mentions the problems with allergy at Khartoum and at Wadi Halfa. At the latter place an asthma camp had to be built and ‘removal of the town was considered’.

444. Lewis, D.J., Henry, A.J., and Grindley, D.N. Daily changes in the numbers of Chironomid midges at Khartoum. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London, Series A, 1954, 29, 124-128.

Species: Cladotanytarsus lewisi (Freeman). [=Tanytarsus lewisi of paper]

Country: Sudan.

Note: ‘Chironomidae are a serious pest at Khartoum where they occur in vast numbers in the winter. They cause intense annoyance and probably give rise to coryza, asthma and other allergic conditions.’ The named midge is the commonest species but others occur. The term ‘green nimitti’ covers all the species.

445. Lichtenstein, L.M. Allergic responses to airborne allergens and insect venoms. Federation Proceedings, 1977, 36, 1727-1731.

Species: Apis mellifera Linnaeus.

Country: USA.

Note: An immunochemical review of allergic responses to pollen and stinging insects. In a criticism of the use of whole body extracts against venom sensitivity notes that beekeepers can become sensitive to inhaled bee allergens.

446. Lichtenstein, L.M., Valentine, M.D., and Sobotka, A.K. Insect allergy: The state of the art. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1979, 64, 5-12.

Country: USA.

Note: A review of allergy to insect stings; including its diagnosis, therapy, and emergency treatment. The use of extracts of venom and not extracts of whole bodies is strongly recommended. Inhalant allergy is briefly mentioned. ‘It is now appreciated that beekeepers can become sensitized to parts of bee bodies by the inhalant route; a history of inhalant allergy on exposure to beehives, together with positive skin tests to whole body extract, can be regularly obtained in beekeepers and their families.’

447. Liebers, V., Schalbaba, S., Mazur, G., and Baur, X. Stimulation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes with chironomid hemoglobin allergen (Chi t I). International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology, 1991, 95, 163-168.

Species: Chironomus riparius Meigen. [=Chironomus thummi thummi of paper]

Country: Germany.

Note: Tested for allergen-specific stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from 40 patients with reactions to fish food and all with positive reactions to Chi t I. The allergens employed were Chi t I, its nine major components, and fragments obtained from Component III by cleavage with trypsin.

448. Lierl, M.B., Riordan, M.M., and Fischer, T.J. Concentration of airborne insect-derived particles in outdoor air. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1990, 85, 246-246.

Species: ‘moth, cricket, fly and ant’

Country: USA.

Note: Measured the levels of antigens in outdoor air from April to August by RAST inhibition assays. The concentration of the allergens from insects varied during this period and reached comparable values to those of known outdoor allergens. [abstract of conference presentation]

449. Lierl, M.B., and Sebastian, K.D. Concentration of insect allergens in outdoor air. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1992, 89, 314-314.

Species: ‘ant, aphid, bee, cricket, housefly, fruitfly, mosquito, moth’

Country: USA.

Note: Particulate matter collected on fibreglass papers was analysed by RAST inhibition for antigens derived from the above insects as well as from some pollens. The amounts of antigens per cubic foot of air were estimated on a weekly basis from April to August. Antigens derived from insects were present in quantities comparable to those from known allergenic plants. [abstract of conference presentation]

450. Light, W.C., Reisman, R.E., Wypych, J.I., and Arbesman, C.E. Clinical and immunological studies of beekeepers. Clinical Allergy, 1975, 5, 389-395.

Species: Apis mellifera Linnaeus.

Country: USA.

Note: Blood from 34 beekeepers was assayed for the presence of antibodies reacting to bee venom, bee venom phospholipase A, and whole body bee extract. Titres for the first two correlated with the frequency of bee stings. Bee body IgE antibodies were found in varying degrees and did not correlate with levels of venom IgE antibodies. ‘As beekeepers are exposed to inhalation of bee ‘dust’ as well as frequent stings this finding of antibody production to bee body proteins is not unexpected.’ There was no report of allergy due to inhalation of bee allergens.

451. Lind, P. Topographical distribution of allergens within insects and house dust mites.
Allergy. Supplement, 1985, 40, No 3, 49-50.

Note: The existence of inhalant allergies resulting from natural and occupational exposures to insects is mentioned. ‘Little is known about the origin of the insect inhalation allergens.’

452. Lind, P., Schou, C., Løwenstein, H., and Lockey, R.F. Characterization of cockroach extracts and purification of a cross-reacting acidic protein. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1988, 81, 269-269.

Species: 1. Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus).

2. Blattella germanica (Linnaeus). [=Blatella germanica of abstract]

3. Blatta orientalis Linnaeus.

Country: USA.

Note: Crossed immunoelectrophoresis on whole body extracts detected 45 antigens in the first species and 29 in the second of which seven and three respectively bound significant amounts of IgE from 30 allergic patients. The purified allergen from Periplaneta americana which had a pI below 4 was a constituent of the faeces. [abstract of conference presentation]

Key word: cockroaches

453. Loidolt, D. Sofortreaktion bei Nativtestung mit roter Zuckmückenlarve. [Immediate reaction to dermal challenge with red chironomid larvae]. Laryngologie, Rhinologie, Otologie, 1988, 67, 297-299.

Species: [bloodworms]

Country: Austria.

Note: A case report of a pet fish owner who developed symptoms one week after starting to use frozen chironomid larvae to feed the fish. A skin test using squashed larvae produced severe conjunctivitis, skin wheals and erythrema, and breathing difficulties. His symptoms disappeared after he discontinued use of the fish food.

Key word: chironomids

454. Loir, A., and Legangneux, H. Accidents de travail occasionnés par des Coléoptères. [Work hazards occasioned by beetles]. Bulletin de l’Académie Nationale de Médecine, Paris, 1922, 88, 68-72.

Species: Dermestes frischii Kugelann.

Country: France.

Note: Reactions among workers unloading a cargo of 492 tonnes of bones in Havre. The bones were infested with beetles. There were present also two species of Clerids, Necrobia rufipes and Necrobia ruficollis.

455. Ludmer, N. Asma provocado por la langosta. [Asthma provoked by the locust]. Semana Médica Española, 1935, 1, 1025-1025.

Species: [unknown]

Country: Argentina.

Note: [not seen] A farmer suffered asthma attacks while locusts were present on his farm and the attacks ceased when the locusts departed. The seasonal asthma commenced 4 years after his arrival in the country. [from Bessot et al. Revue Française d’Allergologie et d’Immunologie Clinique, 1978, 18, 19-24].

456. Lunn, J.A. Millworkers’ asthma: allergic responses to the grain weevil (Sitophilus granarius). British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 1966, 23, 149-152.

Species: Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus).

Country: UK.

Note: The author found by skin testing a higher incidence of responses to weevil and flour extracts in 75 flour mill workers than in 100 engineering workers. He found 2 mill workers who showed significant reduction in lung function on inhalation of weevil extracts. ‘Allergic responses to this insect do occur.’

457. Lunn, J.A., and Hughes, D.T.D. Pulmonary hypersensitivity to the grain weevil. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 1967, 24, 158-161.

Species: Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus).

Country: UK.

Note: A laboratory worker who worked with the beetles developed asthma after 7 months exposure. The patient was studied by using skin reactions and antibody tests. The immediate and late effects of the inhalation of weevil extracts were also studied.

458. Lutsky, I., Teichtahl, H., and Bar-Sela, S. Occupational asthma due to poultry mites. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1984, 73, 56-60.

Note: ‘The allergenic potency of arthropod dust has been demonstrated in occupational allergic respiratory disease of workers at locust breeding centers.’

459. MacDermot, H.E. A case of asthma due to may flies (Ephemerida). Canadian Medical Association Journal, 1934, 31, 408-410.

Species: [not identified]

Country: Canada.

Note: A case of bronchial asthma attributed to mayflies. The man was not sensitive to other insects.

460. MacLaren, W.R., Eisenberg, B.C., Frank, D.E., and Kessler, J. Reactions to insect allergens. The incidence of response to testing among allergic and nonallergic persons. California Medicine, 1960, 93, 224-226.

Species: [‘ants, aphides, bees, house flies, mosquitoes, moths, wasps, and yellow jackets’]

Country: USA.

Note: A survey of patients in the Los Angeles area to test for the frequency of possible inhalant allergy to insects. ‘Because extracts of non-stinging insects caused reaction almost as often and as strong as stinging insects, it may be inferred that sensitization is due to inhaled insect particles.’

461. Makara, G., and Korossy, S. Insects, mites and other venomous arthropods causing allergic or immunologic reactions in man. in ‘Immunological aspects of allergy and allergic diseases’. Vol. 8. Allergic responses to infectious agents. New York, Plenum Press, 1976. pp. 261-343.

Note: Mentions respiratory allergy to American cockroach and allergy due to inhalation of allergens from ‘moths, caddis-flies, mayflies, aphids, and rarely locusts’.

462. Manz, A. [Occupational diseases of upper respiratory tract] in ‘Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde in Praxis und Klinik’, Band I. Obere und Untere Luftwege, no. 1. [Otorhinolaryngology in practice and clinics, vol I. Upper and lower airways, no. 1]. Stuttgart, G. Thieme, 1977.

Note: [not seen. Quote J. Lunn, British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 1966, 23, 149-149].

463. Marcer, G., Saia, B., Zanetti, C., Giacomin, C., Accietto, F., Della Sala, F., and D’Andrea, F. Aspetti sanitari dell’infestazione da chironomidi. [Public health aspects of infestations of chironomids] in ‘Chironomidi, Culicidi, Simulidi – Aspetti sanitari ed ecologici’. Venice, Italy, Regione Veneto, ULSS 16, S.I.P., 1990. pp. 89-99.

Species: Chironomus salinarius Kieffer.

Country: Italy.

Note: Among 98 children with suspected respiratory allergic conditions six gave positive skin tests to this species and all six showed a positive RAST result.

464. Marchand, A.M. Allergy to cockroaches. Boletín de la Asociación Médica de Puerto Rico, 1966, 58, 49-53.

Species: 1. Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

2. Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus).

3. Blatta orientalis Linnaeus.

Country: Puerto Rico.

Note: A survey of allergy patients in Puerto Rico. Skin testing was done with extracts of the two cockroaches which are common in Puerto Rico and also with Blatta orientalis which is not present. 48% of the patients gave positive responses to Periplaneta americana, 26% to Blattella germanica, and 18% to Blatta orientalis. 18% also gave positive responses with silk. In all 52% of asthma sufferers gave positive tests to one or more of the extracts of cockroaches.

465. Marchand, A.M. Asthma in the Caribbean. Journal of Asthma Research, 1968, 6, 93-97.

Species: 1. Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus).

2. Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

Country: Puerto Rico.

Note: ‘When other etiologic factors like infection or concomitant allergies are eliminated, the results of specific desensitization with cockroach antigen are frequently dramatic.’

466. Marchand, A.M. Cockroach allergy in bronchial asthma: diagnosis and treatment. in ‘7th International congress of allergology. Abstracts of free communications’. Amsterdam, Exerpta medica, 1970. p. 102.

Species: Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus).

Country: Puerto Rico.

Note: The author reported that nearly half of his allergic patients showed a sensitivity to this cockroach. The antigen is very heat stable and is present in the secretions and excretions of the cockroach. Specific desensitisations with cockroach antigens had been achieved.

467. Mariani, G. Reazioni allergiche da artropodi. [Allergic reactions caused by arthropods]. Parassitologia, 1974, 16, 117-119.

Country: Italy.

Note: A summary of a report to a meeting which gives the results of work on allergies to fly larvae, to cereal pests, to spider webs and silk, and to clothes moths. The author stresses that the metabolic products of arthropods are an important source of allergens.

468. Mariani, G., and Mariani, M. L’iposensibilizzazione nelle allergie da larve di mosca (carnaria). [Hyposensitisation in allergies caused by larvae of the fly (carnaria)]. Folia Allergologica, 1970, 17, 179-180.

Species: [not indicated]

Country: Italy.

Note: Larvae of flies are used by fishermen as berley. Allergies were observed in fishermen and in breeders of the flies. Patients have been successfully hyposensitised with fly extracts.

469. Mariani, G., and Mariani, M. Reazioni allergiche alle infestazioni parassitarie dell’uomo e del suo ambiente. [Allergic reactions to parasitic infestations of man and of his environment]. Proceedings of the Second Refresher Meeting in Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Grosseto, Italy. September 1976. pp. 213-226.

Species: 1. Tenebrio molitor Fabricius.

2. Ephestia kuehniella Zeller.

3. Blattella germanica (Linnaeus).

4. Galleria mellonella (Linnaeus).

5. Hyalophora cecropia (Linnaeus).

Country: Italy.

Note: The authors review the allergic effects of arthropods and their products—particularly those which are found in the home or at work. They give a summary of their work on allergies due to occupational and domestic exposures. They stress that particular account should be taken of the metabolic products of arthropods and note that one group of workers likely to be affected are those employed in the intensive rearing of arthropods.

470. Mariani, G., and Mariani, M. Parassiti ambientali allergizzanti. [Allergenic pests in the environment]. Parassitologia, 1979, 21, 120-121.

Country: Italy.

Note: A summary of a report to a meeting on work on cereal pests, on flesh flies, and on spider webs and silk. The authors stress that the metabolic products of the various arthropods are important sources of allergens. The professions in which workers are especially susceptible to the development of allergies to arthropods include those involving the intensive rearing of animals.

471. Martin, P.A. Occupational asthma. Occupational Health, 1983, 35, 253-255.

Country: UK.

Note: A short article on the report by the Industrial Injuries Advisory Council on occupational asthma. It lists the groups of agents recognised as causes and discusses the immunology of asthma, the types of asthmatic reactions, and the clinical forms in which occupational asthma may occur. ‘It is important to recognise occupational factors in asthma whenever these exist.’

472. Matheson, R. ‘Medical entomology’, 2nd Ed. Ithaca, New York, Comstock Publishing Associates, 1950. pp. 582-583.

Country: USA.

Note: In a section on stinging insects refers to the ‘production of coryza and asthma by the hair, scales, and the like, given off by various insects’.

473. Mathews, K.P. Inhalant insect-derived allergens. Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America, 1989, 9, 321-338.

Species: 1. Locusta migratoria (Linnaeus).

2. Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål).

3. Acheta domesticus (Linnaeus).

4. Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus.

5. Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer).

6. Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val.

7. Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus).

8. Zabrotes subfasciatus Boheman.

9. Dactylopius coccus Costa. [=Coccus cactus of review]

10. Lymantria dispar (Linnaeus).

11. Galleria mellonella (Linnaeus).

12. Ephestia kuehniella Zeller.

13. Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDunnough) [=Oryia pseudotsugata of review]

14. Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel). [=Cochliomyia hominivovax of review]

15. Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann).

16. Psychoda alternata Say.

17. Drosophila melanogaster Meigen.

18. Musca domestica Linnaeus.

19. Apis mellifera Linnaeus.

20. Mormoniella vitripennis (Walker).

21. Blattella germanica (Linnaeus). [=Blatella germanica of review]

22. Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus).

23. Gibbium psylloides (Czenpinski).

24. Trogoderma angustum Solier.

25. Ctenocephalides felis felis (Bouché).

26. Leptocoris trivittatus (Say).

27. Megaselia agarici (Lintner).

28. Euxoa auxiliaris (Grote). [=Euxoa anxiliaris of review]

29. Tineola bisselliella (Hummel).

30. Calliphora spp. [Diptera]